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1. 发明授权

US08164159B1 Semiconductor resonators with electromagnetic and environmental shielding and methods of forming same 有权
标题翻译：具有电磁和环境屏蔽的半导体谐振器及其形成方法
公开(公告)号：US08164159B1
公开(公告)日：2012-04-24
申请号：US12838158
申请日：2010-07-16
申请人： William Eddie Armstrong , Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Vidyabhusan Gupta , Justin O'Day , Nader Fayyaz , Gordon Carichner
发明人： William Eddie Armstrong , Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Vidyabhusan Gupta , Justin O'Day , Nader Fayyaz , Gordon Carichner
IPC分类号： H01L29/86
CPC分类号： H03B5/1228 , H01L29/0619 , H01L29/86 , H01L2224/48463 , H01L2224/73265 , H03B5/1215 , H03B5/1234 , H03B5/124
摘要： A reference signal generator includes an integrated circuit substrate having a semiconductor resonator therein. The resonator includes an inductor extending adjacent a first surface of the integrated circuit substrate. A vertically-stacked composite of at least first and second electrically insulating dielectric layers is provided on the integrated circuit substrate. The vertically-stacked composite covers a portion of the first surface, which extends opposite the inductor. A first electrically conductive shielding layer is provided on a portion of the second electrically insulating dielectric layer extending opposite the inductor. The first electrically conductive shielding layer may encapsulate exposed portions of the first and second electrically insulating dielectric layers. The shielding layer may operate as an electromagnetic shield between the inductor and an external structure, such as an integrated circuit package, and also shield against environmental contamination (e.g., external moisture penetration).
摘要翻译：参考信号发生器包括其中具有半导体谐振器的集成电路基板。谐振器包括在集成电路基板的第一表面附近延伸的电感器。在集成电路基板上设置有至少第一和第二电绝缘介电层的垂直堆叠的复合材料。垂直堆叠的复合物覆盖与电感器相对延伸的第一表面的一部分。在与电感器相对延伸的第二电绝缘介电层的一部分上设置有第一导电屏蔽层。第一导电屏蔽层可以封装第一和第二电绝缘介电层的暴露部分。屏蔽层可以作为电感器和诸如集成电路封装的外部结构之间的电磁屏蔽来操作，并且还可以防止环境污染（例如，外部湿气穿透）。

2. 发明申请

US20100271144A1 Clock, Frequency Reference, and Other Reference Signal Generator with Frequency Stability Over Temperature Variation 有权
标题翻译：时钟，频率参考和其他参考信号发生器，频率稳定度超过温度变化
公开(公告)号：US20100271144A1
公开(公告)日：2010-10-28
申请号：US12766205
申请日：2010-04-23
申请人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Vidyabhusan Gupta , Nathaniel Charles Gaskin , Nader Fayyaz
发明人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Vidyabhusan Gupta , Nathaniel Charles Gaskin , Nader Fayyaz
IPC分类号： H03B5/12
CPC分类号： H03B5/04 , H03B5/1215 , H03B5/1228 , H03B5/1243 , H03B5/1271 , H03B5/1293
摘要： Exemplary embodiments provide a reference signal generator having a reference or center frequency within a predetermined variance over variations in temperature within a specified range. An exemplary apparatus comprises a reference resonator to generate a first reference signal having a resonant frequency, with the reference resonator having a first temperature dependence; and a plurality of switchable circuits, with at least one switchable circuit providing a second temperature dependence opposing the first temperature dependence to maintain the resonant frequency within a predetermined variance over a temperature variation. A wide variety of switchable circuits are disclosed, including a transistor having an on resistance value greater than a nominal resistance, a resistor coupled to a transistor or other switch, and circuit comprising a first reactance coupled to a first switch, with a second reactance coupled to a resistance and a second switch coupled in series to the second reactance or to the resistance. Various coatings may also be applied to an integrated circuit embodiment, such as a silicone coating on a first surface and a metal layer on a second surface.
摘要翻译：示例性实施例提供了参考信号发生器，其具有在指定范围内的温度变化的预定方差内的参考或中心频率。示例性装置包括参考谐振器，以产生具有谐振频率的第一参考信号，参考谐振器具有第一温度依赖性; 以及多个可切换电路，其中至少一个可切换电路提供与第一温度依赖性相反的第二温度依赖性，以将谐振频率保持在温度变化以上的预定变化范围内。公开了各种各样的可切换电路，包括具有大于标称电阻的导通电阻值的晶体管，耦合到晶体管或其它开关的电阻器，以及包括耦合到第一开关的第一电抗的电路，第二电抗耦合耦合到与第二电抗或电阻串联耦合的电阻和第二开关。各种涂层也可以应用于集成电路实施例，例如第一表面上的硅氧烷涂层和第二表面上的金属层。

3. 发明授权

US08134414B2 Clock, frequency reference, and other reference signal generator with frequency stability over temperature variation 有权
标题翻译：时钟，频率参考和其他参考信号发生器，频率稳定度超过温度变化
公开(公告)号：US08134414B2
公开(公告)日：2012-03-13
申请号：US12766205
申请日：2010-04-23
申请人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Vidyabhusan Gupta , Nathaniel Charles Gaskin , Nader Fayyaz
发明人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Vidyabhusan Gupta , Nathaniel Charles Gaskin , Nader Fayyaz
IPC分类号： H03B5/12 , H03L1/00 , H03L5/00 , H03L7/099
CPC分类号： H03B5/04 , H03B5/1215 , H03B5/1228 , H03B5/1243 , H03B5/1271 , H03B5/1293
摘要： Exemplary embodiments provide a reference signal generator having a reference or center frequency within a predetermined variance over variations in temperature within a specified range. An exemplary apparatus comprises a reference resonator to generate a first reference signal having a resonant frequency, with the reference resonator having a first temperature dependence; and a plurality of switchable circuits, with at least one switchable circuit providing a second temperature dependence opposing the first temperature dependence to maintain the resonant frequency within a predetermined variance over a temperature variation. A wide variety of switchable circuits are disclosed, including a transistor having an on resistance value greater than a nominal resistance, a resistor coupled to a transistor or other switch, and circuit comprising a first reactance coupled to a first switch, with a second reactance coupled to a resistance and a second switch coupled in series to the second reactance or to the resistance. Various coatings may also be applied to an integrated circuit embodiment, such as a silicone coating on a first surface and a metal layer on a second surface.
摘要翻译：示例性实施例提供了参考信号发生器，其具有在指定范围内的温度变化的预定方差内的参考或中心频率。示例性装置包括参考谐振器，以产生具有谐振频率的第一参考信号，参考谐振器具有第一温度依赖性; 以及多个可切换电路，其中至少一个可切换电路提供与第一温度依赖性相反的第二温度依赖性，以将谐振频率保持在温度变化以上的预定变化范围内。公开了各种各样的可切换电路，包括具有大于标称电阻的导通电阻值的晶体管，耦合到晶体管或其它开关的电阻器，以及包括耦合到第一开关的第一电抗的电路，第二电抗耦合耦合到与第二电抗或电阻串联耦合的电阻和第二开关。各种涂层也可以应用于集成电路实施例，例如第一表面上的硅氧烷涂层和第二表面上的金属层。

4. 发明授权

US07656245B2 Integrated clock generator and timing/frequency reference 有权
标题翻译：集成时钟发生器和定时/频率参考
公开(公告)号：US07656245B2
公开(公告)日：2010-02-02
申请号：US12036185
申请日：2008-02-22
申请人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner
发明人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner
IPC分类号： H03B5/12
CPC分类号： G06F1/04 , G06F1/08 , H03B5/06 , H03B5/1203 , H03B5/1215 , H03B5/1218 , H03B5/1228 , H03B5/1253 , H03B5/1256 , H03B5/1265 , H03B2201/025 , H03J1/0008 , H03J2200/10 , H03L1/022 , H03L3/00 , H03L7/08 , H03L7/0812 , H03L7/0891 , H03L7/099
摘要： In various embodiments, the invention provides a clock generator and/or a timing and frequency reference using an LC-oscillator topology, having a frequency controller to control and provide a stable resonant frequency, which is integrated with other, second circuitry such as a processor or controller. Frequency stability is provided over variations in a selected parameter such as temperature and fabrication process variations. The various apparatus embodiments include a sensor adapted to provide a signal in response to at least one parameter of a plurality of parameters; and a frequency controller adapted to modify the resonant frequency in response to the second signal. In exemplary embodiments, the sensor is implemented as a current source responsive to temperature fluctuations, and the frequency controller is implemented as a plurality of controlled reactance modules which are selectively couplable to the resonator or to one or more control voltages. The controlled reactance modules may include fixed or variable capacitances or inductances, and may be binary weighted. Arrays of resistive modules are also provided, to generate one or more control voltages.
摘要翻译：在各种实施例中，本发明提供使用LC振荡器拓扑的时钟发生器和/或定时和频率参考，其具有频率控制器以控制和提供稳定的谐振频率，其与其它第二电路（例如处理器或控制器。提供了频率稳定性，如选择的参数（如温度和制造工艺变化）的变化。各种装置实施例包括适于响应于多个参数的至少一个参数提供信号的传感器; 以及频率控制器，其适于响应于所述第二信号来修改所述谐振频率。在示例性实施例中，响应于温度波动将传感器实现为电流源，并且频率控制器被实现为可选择地耦合到谐振器或一个或多个控制电压的多个受控电抗模块。受控电抗模块可以包括固定或可变电容或电感，并且可以是二进制加权的。还提供了电阻模块的阵列，以产生一个或多个控制电压。

5. 发明授权

US07656244B2 Discrete clock generator and timing/frequency reference 有权
标题翻译：离散时钟发生器和定时/频率参考
公开(公告)号：US07656244B2
公开(公告)日：2010-02-02
申请号：US12036165
申请日：2008-02-22
申请人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner
发明人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner
IPC分类号： H03B5/12
CPC分类号： G06F1/04 , G06F1/08 , H03B5/06 , H03B5/1212 , H03B5/1215 , H03B5/1221 , H03B5/124 , H03B2201/025 , H03J1/0008 , H03J2200/10 , H03L1/00 , H03L1/02 , H03L1/022 , H03L1/025 , H03L3/00 , H03L7/08 , H03L7/0812 , H03L7/099 , H03L7/183 , H03L2207/50
摘要： In various embodiments, the invention provides a discrete clock generator and/or a timing and frequency reference using an LC-oscillator topology, having a frequency controller to control and provide a stable resonant frequency, which may then be provided to other, second circuitry such as a processor or controller. Frequency stability is provided over variations in a selected parameter such as temperature and fabrication process variations. The various apparatus embodiments include a sensor adapted to provide a signal in response to at least one parameter of a plurality of parameters; and a frequency controller adapted to modify the resonant frequency in response to the second signal. In exemplary embodiments, the sensor is implemented as a current source responsive to temperature fluctuations, and the frequency controller is implemented as a plurality of controlled reactance modules which are selectively couplable to the resonator or to one or more control voltages. The controlled reactance modules may include fixed or variable capacitances or inductances, and may be binary weighted. Arrays of resistive modules are also provided, to generate one or more control voltages.
摘要翻译：在各种实施例中，本发明提供使用LC振荡器拓扑的离散时钟发生器和/或定时和频率参考，其具有频率控制器来控制和提供稳定的谐振频率，然后可以将其提供给其它第二电路，例如作为处理器或控制器。提供了频率稳定性，如选择的参数（如温度和制造工艺变化）的变化。各种装置实施例包括适于响应于多个参数的至少一个参数提供信号的传感器; 以及频率控制器，其适于响应于所述第二信号来修改所述谐振频率。在示例性实施例中，响应于温度波动将传感器实现为电流源，并且频率控制器被实现为可选择地耦合到谐振器或一个或多个控制电压的多个受控电抗模块。受控电抗模块可以包括固定或可变电容或电感，并且可以是二进制加权的。还提供了电阻模块的阵列，以产生一个或多个控制电压。

6. 发明授权

US07358826B2 Discrete clock generator and timing/frequency reference 有权
标题翻译：离散时钟发生器和定时/频率参考
公开(公告)号：US07358826B2
公开(公告)日：2008-04-15
申请号：US11384973
申请日：2006-03-20
申请人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner
发明人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner
IPC分类号： H03B5/12
CPC分类号： G06F1/04 , G06F1/08 , H03B5/06 , H03B5/1212 , H03B5/1215 , H03B5/1221 , H03B5/124 , H03B2201/025 , H03J1/0008 , H03J2200/10 , H03L1/00 , H03L1/02 , H03L1/022 , H03L1/025 , H03L3/00 , H03L7/08 , H03L7/0812 , H03L7/099 , H03L7/183 , H03L2207/50
摘要： In various embodiments, the invention provides a discrete clock generator and/or a timing and frequency reference using an LC-oscillator topology, having a frequency controller to control and provide a stable resonant frequency, which may then be provided to other, second circuitry such as a processor or controller. Frequency stability is provided over variations in a selected parameter such as temperature and fabrication process variations. The various apparatus embodiments include a sensor adapted to provide a signal in response to at least one parameter of a plurality of parameters; and a frequency controller adapted to modify the resonant frequency in response to the second signal. In exemplary embodiments, the sensor is implemented as a current source responsive to temperature fluctuations, and the frequency controller is implemented as a plurality of controlled reactance modules which are selectively couplable to the resonator or to one or more control voltages. The controlled reactance modules may include fixed or variable capacitances or inductances, and may be binary weighted. Arrays of resistive modules are also provided, to generate one or more control voltages.
摘要翻译：在各种实施例中，本发明提供使用LC振荡器拓扑的离散时钟发生器和/或定时和频率参考，其具有频率控制器来控制和提供稳定的谐振频率，然后可以将其提供给其它第二电路，例如作为处理器或控制器。提供了频率稳定性，如选择的参数（如温度和制造工艺变化）的变化。各种装置实施例包括适于响应于多个参数的至少一个参数提供信号的传感器; 以及频率控制器，其适于响应于所述第二信号来修改所述谐振频率。在示例性实施例中，响应于温度波动将传感器实现为电流源，并且频率控制器被实现为可选择地耦合到谐振器或一个或多个控制电压的多个受控电抗模块。受控电抗模块可以包括固定或可变电容或电感，并且可以是二进制加权的。还提供了电阻模块的阵列，以产生一个或多个控制电压。

7. 发明授权

US07679463B2 Multi-terminal harmonic oscillator integrated circuit with frequency calibration and frequency configuration 有权
标题翻译：多端谐波振荡器集成电路，具有频率校准和频率配置
公开(公告)号：US07679463B2
公开(公告)日：2010-03-16
申请号：US11805368
申请日：2007-05-23
申请人： Scott Michael Pernia , Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner , Eric David Marsman
发明人： Scott Michael Pernia , Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner , Eric David Marsman
IPC分类号： H03B5/04 , H03B1/00
CPC分类号： H03L1/022 , H03B5/1212 , H03B5/1221 , H03B5/1228 , H03B5/124 , H03B2200/0038 , H03B2201/025 , H03J2200/10 , H03L1/023 , H03L7/089
摘要： Exemplary embodiments of the invention provide a reference harmonic oscillator integrated circuit having three or more terminals, with systems and methods for calibrating the harmonic oscillator to a selected first frequency using a limited number of terminals. An exemplary apparatus comprises: a reference harmonic oscillator, a first terminal to receive a supply voltage, a second terminal to receive a ground potential, a third terminal to provide an output signal having an output frequency, and may also include a fourth terminal. One of the first, second, third or fourth terminals is further adapted for input of a calibration of the first frequency. The exemplary apparatus may enter calibration and testing modes in response to various commands such as a calibration mode signal, and may also be configured through one of the terminals for output frequency selection, spread-spectrum output, and output voltage levels.
摘要翻译：本发明的示例性实施例提供了具有三个或更多个端子的参考谐波振荡器集成电路，其具有使用有限数量的端子将谐波振荡器校准为所选择的第一频率的系统和方法。示例性装置包括：参考谐波振荡器，用于接收电源电压的第一端子，用于接收地电位的第二端子，第三端子以提供具有输出频率的输出信号，并且还可以包括第四端子。第一，第二，第三或第四端子中的一个进一步适于输入第一频率的校准。示例性装置可以响应于诸如校准模式信号的各种命令而进入校准和测试模式，并且还可以通过用于输出频率选择，扩频输出和输出电压电平的一个端子进行配置。

8. 发明申请

US20080143454A1 Integrated Clock Generator and Timing/Frequency Reference 有权
标题翻译：集成时钟发生器和时序/频率参考
公开(公告)号：US20080143454A1
公开(公告)日：2008-06-19
申请号：US12036185
申请日：2008-02-22
申请人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner
发明人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner
IPC分类号： H03B5/12
CPC分类号： G06F1/04 , G06F1/08 , H03B5/06 , H03B5/1203 , H03B5/1215 , H03B5/1218 , H03B5/1228 , H03B5/1253 , H03B5/1256 , H03B5/1265 , H03B2201/025 , H03J1/0008 , H03J2200/10 , H03L1/022 , H03L3/00 , H03L7/08 , H03L7/0812 , H03L7/0891 , H03L7/099
摘要： In various embodiments, the invention provides a clock generator and/or a timing and frequency reference using an LC-oscillator topology, having a frequency controller to control and provide a stable resonant frequency, which is integrated with other, second circuitry such as a processor or controller. Frequency stability is provided over variations in a selected parameter such as temperature and fabrication process variations. The various apparatus embodiments include a sensor adapted to provide a signal in response to at least one parameter of a plurality of parameters; and a frequency controller adapted to modify the resonant frequency in response to the second signal. In exemplary embodiments, the sensor is implemented as a current source responsive to temperature fluctuations, and the frequency controller is implemented as a plurality of controlled reactance modules which are selectively couplable to the resonator or to one or more control voltages. The controlled reactance modules may include fixed or variable capacitances or inductances, and may be binary weighted. Arrays of resistive modules are also provided, to generate one or more control voltages.
摘要翻译：在各种实施例中，本发明提供使用LC振荡器拓扑的时钟发生器和/或定时和频率参考，其具有频率控制器以控制和提供稳定的谐振频率，其与其它第二电路（例如处理器或控制器。提供了频率稳定性，如选择的参数（如温度和制造工艺变化）的变化。各种装置实施例包括适于响应于多个参数的至少一个参数提供信号的传感器; 以及频率控制器，其适于响应于所述第二信号来修改所述谐振频率。在示例性实施例中，响应于温度波动将传感器实现为电流源，并且频率控制器被实现为可选择地耦合到谐振器或一个或多个控制电压的多个受控电抗模块。受控电抗模块可以包括固定或可变电容或电感，并且可以是二进制加权的。还提供了电阻模块的阵列，以产生一个或多个控制电压。

9. 发明授权

US07365614B2 Integrated clock generator and timing/frequency reference 有权
标题翻译：集成时钟发生器和定时/频率参考
公开(公告)号：US07365614B2
公开(公告)日：2008-04-29
申请号：US11384758
申请日：2006-03-20
申请人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner
发明人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner
IPC分类号： H03B5/12
CPC分类号： G06F1/04 , G06F1/08 , H03B5/06 , H03B5/1203 , H03B5/1215 , H03B5/1218 , H03B5/1228 , H03B5/1253 , H03B5/1256 , H03B5/1265 , H03B2201/025 , H03J1/0008 , H03J2200/10 , H03L1/022 , H03L3/00 , H03L7/08 , H03L7/0812 , H03L7/0891 , H03L7/099
摘要： In various embodiments, the invention provides a clock generator and/or a timing and frequency reference using an LC-oscillator topology, having a frequency controller to control and provide a stable resonant frequency, which is integrated with other, second circuitry such as a processor or controller. Frequency stability is provided over variations in a selected parameter such as temperature and fabrication process variations. The various apparatus embodiments include a sensor adapted to provide a signal in response to at least one parameter of a plurality of parameters; and a frequency controller adapted to modify the resonant frequency in response to the second signal. In exemplary embodiments, the sensor is implemented as a current source responsive to temperature fluctuations, and the frequency controller is implemented as a plurality of controlled reactance modules which are selectively couplable to the resonator or to one or more control voltages. The controlled reactance modules may include fixed or variable capacitances or inductances, and may be binary weighted. Arrays of resistive modules are also provided, to generate one or more control voltages.
摘要翻译：在各种实施例中，本发明提供使用LC振荡器拓扑的时钟发生器和/或定时和频率参考，其具有频率控制器以控制和提供稳定的谐振频率，其与其它第二电路（例如处理器或控制器。提供了频率稳定性，如选择的参数（如温度和制造工艺变化）的变化。各种装置实施例包括适于响应于多个参数的至少一个参数提供信号的传感器; 以及频率控制器，其适于响应于所述第二信号来修改所述谐振频率。在示例性实施例中，响应于温度波动将传感器实现为电流源，并且频率控制器被实现为可选择地耦合到谐振器或一个或多个控制电压的多个受控电抗模块。受控电抗模块可以包括固定或可变电容或电感，并且可以是二进制加权的。还提供了电阻模块的阵列，以产生一个或多个控制电压。

10. 发明申请

US20080150645A1 Discrete Clock Generator and Timing/Frequency Reference 有权
标题翻译：离散时钟发生器和定时/频率参考
公开(公告)号：US20080150645A1
公开(公告)日：2008-06-26
申请号：US12036165
申请日：2008-02-22
申请人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner
发明人： Michael Shannon McCorquodale , Scott Michael Pernia , Sundus Kubba , Justin O'Day , Gordon Carichner
IPC分类号： H03B5/12 , H03L1/02
CPC分类号： G06F1/04 , G06F1/08 , H03B5/06 , H03B5/1212 , H03B5/1215 , H03B5/1221 , H03B5/124 , H03B2201/025 , H03J1/0008 , H03J2200/10 , H03L1/00 , H03L1/02 , H03L1/022 , H03L1/025 , H03L3/00 , H03L7/08 , H03L7/0812 , H03L7/099 , H03L7/183 , H03L2207/50
摘要： In various embodiments, the invention provides a discrete clock generator and/or a timing and frequency reference using an LC-oscillator topology, having a frequency controller to control and provide a stable resonant frequency, which may then be provided to other, second circuitry such as a processor or controller. Frequency stability is provided over variations in a selected parameter such as temperature and fabrication process variations. The various apparatus embodiments include a sensor adapted to provide a signal in response to at least one parameter of a plurality of parameters; and a frequency controller adapted to modify the resonant frequency in response to the second signal. In exemplary embodiments, the sensor is implemented as a current source responsive to temperature fluctuations, and the frequency controller is implemented as a plurality of controlled reactance modules which are selectively couplable to the resonator or to one or more control voltages. The controlled reactance modules may include fixed or variable capacitances or inductances, and may be binary weighted. Arrays of resistive modules are also provided, to generate one or more control voltages.
摘要翻译：在各种实施例中，本发明提供使用LC振荡器拓扑的离散时钟发生器和/或定时和频率参考，其具有频率控制器来控制和提供稳定的谐振频率，然后可以将其提供给其它第二电路，例如作为处理器或控制器。提供了频率稳定性，如选择的参数（如温度和制造工艺变化）的变化。各种装置实施例包括适于响应于多个参数的至少一个参数提供信号的传感器; 以及频率控制器，其适于响应于所述第二信号来修改所述谐振频率。在示例性实施例中，响应于温度波动将传感器实现为电流源，并且频率控制器被实现为可选择地耦合到谐振器或一个或多个控制电压的多个受控电抗模块。受控电抗模块可以包括固定或可变电容或电感，并且可以是二进制加权的。还提供了电阻模块的阵列，以产生一个或多个控制电压。

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