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    • 6. 发明申请
    • Functionalized nanoparticles
    • 官能化纳米粒子
    • US20090099282A1
    • 2009-04-16
    • US11920295
    • 2006-05-17
    • Martin MullerAndreas MuhlebachThomas GiesenbergDidier BauerThomas RuchFrancois RimeLeonhard FeilerRoman LenzLaurent Michau
    • Martin MullerAndreas MuhlebachThomas GiesenbergDidier BauerThomas RuchFrancois RimeLeonhard FeilerRoman LenzLaurent Michau
    • C08K5/5419C04B16/00C08K5/00
    • C09B69/103C09B67/0097C09B68/20C09B68/443C09B69/10
    • The present invention discloses functionalized nanoparticles comprising on the surface a covalently bound radical of formula (1), wherein the nanoparticles are SiO2, Al2O3 or mixed SiO2 and Al2O3 nanoparticles, R1 and R2 are independently of each other hydrogen, nanoparticle surface-O—, or a substituent, n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8, and Y is a radical of formula —B1-D1 (2a), wherein B1 is the direct bond or a bridge member, and D1 is a radical of a cationic dye, a radical of a phthalocyanine dye which carries no water-solubilizing group, or a radical of a fluorescent dye selected from the group consisting of coumarins, benzocoumarins, xanthenes, benzo[a]xanthenes, benzo[b]xanthenes, benzo[c]xanthenes, phenoxazines, benzo[a]phenoxazines, benzo[b]phenoxazines, benzo[c]phenoxazines, napthalimides, naphtholactams, azlactones, methines, oxazines, thiazines, diketopyrrolopyrroles, quinacridones, benzoxanthenes, thio-epindolines, lactamimides, diphenylmaleimides, acetoacetamides, imidazothiazines, benzanthrones, phthalimides, benzotriazoles, pyrimidines, pyrazines and triazines, or Y is a radical of formula —B2D2 (2b), wherein B2 is an organic radical comprising at least one group having a negative charge, and D2 is a cationic dye selected from the group consisting of monoazo, disazo, polyazo, methine, azamethine, diphenylmethane, triphenylmethane, triaminotriaryl methane, azine, oxazine, cyanine and anthraquinone dyes.
    • 本发明公开了在表面上包含式(1)的共价结合基团的官能化纳米颗粒,其中纳米颗粒是SiO 2,Al 2 O 3或混合的SiO 2和Al 2 O 3纳米颗粒,R 1和R 2彼此独立地是氢,纳米颗粒表面-O-, 或取代基,n为1,2,3,4,5,6,7或8,并且Y为式-B1-D1(2a)的基团,其中B1为直接键或桥式构件,D1为 是阳离子染料的自由基,不含水溶性基团的酞菁染料的基团,或选自香豆素,苯并香豆素,呫吨,苯并[a]呫吨,苯并[b 苯并[c]呫吨酮,苯并[c]呫吨酮,吩恶嗪,苯并[a]吩恶嗪,苯并[b]吩恶嗪,苯并[c]吩恶嗪,萘酰亚胺,萘并内酰胺,吖内酯,次甲基,恶嗪,噻嗪,二酮吡咯并吡咯,喹吖啶酮,苯并恶庚烯,硫代 - ,内酰胺,二苯基马来酰亚胺,乙酰乙酰胺,咪唑硫基 吖嗪,苯并呋喃,邻苯二甲酰亚胺,苯并三唑,嘧啶,吡嗪和三嗪,或Y是式-B2D2(2b)的基团,其中B2是包含至少一个具有负电荷的基团的有机基团,并且D2是选择的阳离子染料 来自由单偶氮,双偶氮,多偶氮,次甲基,氮杂酮,二苯基甲烷,三苯甲烷,三氨基三芳基甲烷,吖嗪,恶嗪,花青和蒽醌染料组成的组。
    • 10. 发明申请
    • SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MODELING OF TURBO-CHARGED ENGINES AND INDIRECT MEASUREMENT OF TURBINE AND WASTE-GATE FLOW AND TURBINE EFFICIENCY
    • 涡轮增压发动机的建模系统和方法以及涡轮机和废气流量和涡轮机效率的间接测量
    • US20090094009A1
    • 2009-04-09
    • US11867422
    • 2007-10-04
    • Martin Muller
    • Martin Muller
    • G06G7/48
    • G06F17/5009F02D41/0007F02D41/1445F02D41/1447F02D41/145F02D2041/1433G06F17/5095G06F2217/16G06F2217/80Y02T10/144Y02T10/82
    • A real-time system for modeling a turbo-charged engine includes a model configured to estimate various exhaust states such as turbine inlet pressure, turbine outlet pressure, turbine outlet temperature, turbine mass flow rate and waste-gate valve mass flow rate. The model is dependent only on the availability of normal operating values available in a conventionally-configured automotive controller and one or more measured intake side parameters such as ambient pressure, boost pressure, ambient temperature and compressor mass flow rate. The model is constructed to reflect a high-level application of energy conservation between the turbine (generated power) and compressor (absorbed power). A method for the indirect measurement of turbine and waste-gate flow uses turbine inlet and outlet pressure, inlet temperature and engine mass air flow rate measurements. A method for the indirect measurement of turbine efficiency avoids the need for manufacturer's turbine data.
    • 用于对涡轮增压发动机进行建模的实时系统包括被配置为估计各种排气状态的模型,例如涡轮进口压力,涡轮出口压力,涡轮出口温度,涡轮质量流量和废气门阀质量流量。 该模型仅取决于常规配置的汽车控制器中可用的正常工作值的可用性以及一个或多个测量的进气侧参数,例如环境压力,增压压力,环境温度和压缩机质量流量。 该模型被构造为反映在涡轮(发电)和压缩机(吸收功率)之间的节能的高水平应用。 用于间接测量涡轮机和废气门流量的方法使用涡轮机入口和出口压力,入口温度和发动机质量空气流量测量。 用于间接测量涡轮机效率的方法避免了制造商的涡轮数据的需要。