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1. 发明授权

US6128080A Extended range interferometric refractometer 失效
$Extended range interferometric refractometer$
标题翻译：扩展距离干涉折射计
公开(公告)号：US6128080A
公开(公告)日：2000-10-03
申请号：US870937
申请日：1997-06-06
申请人： Gary R. Janik , Douglas W. Shepard , Steven P. Trainoff , David T. Phillips
发明人： Gary R. Janik , Douglas W. Shepard , Steven P. Trainoff , David T. Phillips
IPC分类号： G01N21/45 , G01B9/02
CPC分类号： G01N21/45
摘要： A method and apparatus is disclosed for measuring the refractive index difference between a reference and sample liquid based on an interferometric design. The resultant device has an almost unlimited range of operation in contrast to a conventional interferometric refractometer of the so-called polarization type whose dynamic range is restricted to a relatively narrow range of refractive indices. The measurement of the refractive index difference between a sample and reference cell is achieved by measuring the angle through which the plane of polarization of a combined beam has rotated. For the conventional device, this angle is restricted to about .pi. radians which corresponds to a half wavelength shift between the reference and sample components of said combined beam. The extended range device disclosed permits this angle to be tracked and measured accurately over many rotations. The rotation tracking is achieved by one of three embodiments, the preferred of which involves the use of a liquid crystal retarder. The other two techniques incorporate, respectively, a rotating polarizer and a doubly split beam. All three embodiments permit the measurement of both the sine and cosine of the rotation angle and, thereby, allows a four quadrant arctangent calculation to yield the rotation angle directly. The error associated with such measurements is not a function of the rotation angle of the combined beams.
摘要翻译：公开了一种用于基于干涉测量设计来测量参考和样品液体之间的折射率差的方法和装置。与所谓的偏振型的常规干涉式折射计相反，所得到的装置具有几乎无限的操作范围，其中动态范围被限制在相对较窄的折射率范围。通过测量组合光束的偏振平面旋转的角度来实现样品和参考单元之间的折射率差的测量。对于常规装置，该角度限于对应于所述组合光束的参考和样本分量之间的半波长偏移的约π弧度。所公开的扩展范围装置允许在许多旋转中精确地跟踪和测量该角度。旋转跟踪由三个实施例中的一个实现，其中优选涉及使用液晶延迟器。其他两种技术分别包括旋转偏振器和双分束。所有三个实施例允许测量旋转角度的正弦和余弦两者，从而允许四象限反正切计算直接产生旋转角度。与这种测量相关联的误差不是组合光束的旋转角度的函数。

2. 发明授权

US07386427B2 Method for correcting the effects of interdetector band broadening 有权
标题翻译：校正频带扩展效果的方法
公开(公告)号：US07386427B2
公开(公告)日：2008-06-10
申请号：US10665903
申请日：2003-09-18
申请人： Steven P. Trainoff
发明人： Steven P. Trainoff
IPC分类号： G06F17/10 , B01D15/08
CPC分类号： G01N30/8624 , G01N30/74 , G01N30/78 , G01N21/4133 , G01N21/47 , G01N30/8637
摘要： Chromatographic separations are often characterized by multiple detectors through which the sample flows serially. As the sample flows between detectors, it becomes progressively diluted due to mixing and diffusion. This phenomenon is traditionally called interdetector “band broadening” and often results in significant distortion of the sample's derived physical properties such as molar mass. A method to characterize the broadening present in a chromatographic system, and an algorithm whereby the narrow peaks of the upstream detector are numerically broadened so they can be compared to the broadened peaks of the downstream detector, is described. Although the technique results in some loss of resolution, its stability and generality allow it a broad range of application. Examples are presented for data collected by dRI, MALS, UV, and viscometric detectors.
摘要翻译：色谱分离通常以多个检测器为特征，样品通过多个检测器连续流动。当样品在检测器之间流动时，由于混合和扩散而逐渐稀释。传统上这种现象称为检测器“带宽”，通常导致样品衍生的物理性质如摩尔质量的显着变形。描述了色谱系统中拓宽存在的特征的方法以及上游检测器的窄峰在数值上变宽从而可以与下游检测器的加宽峰进行比较的算法。虽然这种技术导致了一些分辨率的损失，但它的稳定性和通用性使其具有广泛的应用。为dRI，MALS，UV和粘度计检测器收集的数据提供了实例。

3. 发明授权

US06651009B1 Method for determining average solution properties of macromolecules by the injection method 有权
标题翻译：通过注射法测定大分子的平均溶液性质的方法
公开(公告)号：US06651009B1
公开(公告)日：2003-11-18
申请号：US10205637
申请日：2002-07-24
申请人： Steven P. Trainoff , Philip J. Wyatt
发明人： Steven P. Trainoff , Philip J. Wyatt
IPC分类号： G01N1506
CPC分类号： G01N30/8624 , G01N15/06 , G01N30/02 , G01N30/74 , G01N30/78 , G01N2015/0277 , G01N2015/0693 , B01D15/34 , G01N15/0211 , G01N21/4133
摘要： A new method is presented for measuring the molecular properties of an unfractionated solution of macromolecules. Sharing some similarities with the standard Zimm plot technique, the method begins with the preparation of several sample aliquots spanning a range of concentrations. The aliquots are then injected sequentially into a stream such as provided by a liquid chromatograph. Each aliquot produces, thereby, an effective “peak” whose elements correspond to different concentrations of the diluted aliquot. By analyzing the angular and concentration dependence of the scattering signals throughout the corresponding peaks, the weight averaged molar mass, the mean square radius, and the second virial coefficient may be derived. In contrast to earlier on-line methods, better accuracy is achieved, while using a smaller quantity of sample.
摘要翻译：提出了一种用于测量大分子的未分级溶液的分子性质的新方法。与标准Zimm绘图技术共享一些相似之处，该方法开始于制备跨越一定范围浓度的几个样品等分试样。然后将等分试样依次注入诸如由液相色谱仪提供的流中。每个等分试样产生有效的“峰”，其元素对应于稀释的等分试样的不同浓度。通过分析整个相应峰的散射信号的角度和浓度依赖性，可以得出重量平均摩尔质量，均方半径和第二维里系数。与早期的在线方法相比，在使用较少量的样品的同时，实现了更好的精度。

4. 发明申请

US20140146313A1 Cuvette for light scattering measurements incorporating evaporation inhibition means 有权
标题翻译：用于具有蒸发抑制手段的光散射测量的比色杯
公开(公告)号：US20140146313A1
公开(公告)日：2014-05-29
申请号：US14092288
申请日：2013-11-27
申请人： Steven P. Trainoff , Michael W. Dewey , Aym M. Berges
发明人： Steven P. Trainoff , Michael W. Dewey , Aym M. Berges
IPC分类号： G01N21/03
CPC分类号： G01N21/03 , B01L2200/142 , G01N21/51 , G01N2021/0378
摘要： A cuvette for use with light scattering detectors is disclosed. A trough or moat within the cuvette can be filled with solvent which is not in fluid contact with the sample to be measured. This solvent moat creates saturated vapor pressure in the chamber preventing evaporation from the sample when the cuvette is capped. The cuvette itself may be made of an inexpensive polymer which can be polished to high optical quality while still being moldable in complex forms capable of enabling further utility, such as extra griping surfaces, identification tabs allowing the detection instrument to determine the cuvette model, and various sample chamber forms. The novel cuvette may have extremely small sample volumes, while allowing significant overfill of the measurement chamber, improving ease of sample loading. The polymers used may be relatively inexpensive, and therefore the cuvette can generally be discarded after a single use.
摘要翻译：公开了一种用于光散射检测器的比色皿。反应杯内的槽或护城河可以填充与待测样品不流体接触的溶剂。该溶剂护环在室中产生饱和蒸气压，从而防止当比色皿盖上时从样品中蒸发。比色杯本身可以由廉价的聚合物制成，其可以被抛光到高光学质量，同时仍然可复制形式的模塑，其能够进一步实用化，例如额外的表面，允许检测仪器确定比色杯模型的识别片，以及各种样品室形式。新型比色杯可能具有非常小的样品体积，同时允许测量室显着溢出，提高了样品加载的容易程度。所使用的聚合物可能相对便宜，因此通常可以在一次使用后丢弃反应杯。

5. 发明申请

US20090222219A1 Method for determining average properties of molecules in solution by injection into a flowing solvent 有权
标题翻译：通过注入流动溶剂测定溶液中分子的平均性质的方法
公开(公告)号：US20090222219A1
公开(公告)日：2009-09-03
申请号：US12072986
申请日：2008-02-29
申请人： Daniel I. Some , Steven P. Trainoff
发明人： Daniel I. Some , Steven P. Trainoff
IPC分类号： G06F19/00
CPC分类号： G01N15/0205 , G01N35/085 , G01N35/1095 , G01N2021/4711 , G01N2035/1032
摘要： A new method is presented for measuring the molecular properties of an unfractionated solution of macromolecules. Sample aliquots spanning a range of concentrations are injected sequentially into a stream of solution and flow towards the detectors. Each aliquot produces, thereby, an effective “peak” whose elements correspond to different concentrations of the diluted aliquot. The weight averaged molar mass, the mean square radius, and the second virial coefficient of the macromolecules in solution are derived from an analysis of the angular and concentration dependence of the scattering signals throughout the corresponding peaks. In contrast to earlier on-line methods, better accuracy is achieved, while using a smaller quantity of sample. A similar method for determining cross virial coefficients between two distinct species of macromolecules is also presented.
摘要翻译：提出了一种用于测量大分子的未分级溶液的分子性质的新方法。将一系列浓度的样品等分试样依次注入溶液流中并流向检测器。每个等分试样产生有效的“峰”，其元素对应于稀释的等分试样的不同浓度。溶液中大分子的重量平均摩尔质量，均方半径和第二维里系数是从散射信号在整个相应峰中的角度和浓度依赖性的分析得出的。与早期的在线方法相比，在使用较少量的样品的同时，实现了更高的精度。还提出了用于确定两种不同种类的大分子之间的交叉维里系数的类似方法。

6. 发明授权

US06426794B1 Optical flow cell incorporating automatic self-cleaning 有权
标题翻译：光学流通池结合自动自清洁
公开(公告)号：US06426794B1
公开(公告)日：2002-07-30
申请号：US09559294
申请日：2000-04-25
申请人： Steven P. Trainoff
发明人： Steven P. Trainoff
IPC分类号： G01N110
CPC分类号： G01N21/15 , G01N21/05 , G01N2021/154 , Y10T137/4238
摘要： Optical flow cells used, for example, for making scattered light measurements on liquid borne samples, are often affected by particulate materials that adhere to the internal optical surfaces. These contaminating particulates can cause distortions of the scattered light signals to be measured from the illuminated samples within the flow cell. Such particulates are difficult to remove, especially while the cell is assembled. A method for dislodging and removing such particulate contaminants is described that consists of attaching externally to the flow cell an ultrasonic generator whose frequency of operation is swept initially over a range that would couple most effectively with the internal structures of the flow cell itself. The optimal frequency is then selected automatically by monitoring the power dissipated and fixing the ultrasonic frequencies of operation at those values corresponding to regions of maximum power dissipation. Such ultrasonic coupling must be accompanied by an impressed flow through the cell that can remove from the cell particulates that have been dislodged.
摘要翻译：例如用于在液体样品上进行散射光测量所用的光学流动池通常受附着于内部光学表面的颗粒材料的影响。这些污染性微粒可导致从流动池内的照射样品测量的散射光信号的变形。这种颗粒难以去除，特别是在电池组装时。描述了用于移除和去除这种颗粒污染物的方法，该方法包括在流动池外部附接超声波发生器，其超声波发生器的操作频率最初扫过最有效地与流动池本身的内部结构耦合的范围。然后通过监测耗散的功率并将超声波操作频率固定在对应于最大功率消耗区域的那些值来自动选择最佳频率。这种超声波耦合必须伴随有通过电池的压入流动，其可从电池中移除被移除的颗粒物。

7. 发明授权

US09335250B2 Bubble suppressing system for optical measurement cells 有权
标题翻译：用于光学测量单元的气泡抑制系统
公开(公告)号：US09335250B2
公开(公告)日：2016-05-10
申请号：US14236886
申请日：2012-08-03
申请人： Steven P. Trainoff
发明人： Steven P. Trainoff
IPC分类号： G01N21/15 , G01N21/01 , G01N21/05 , G01N21/11 , G01N21/53 , G01N21/85 , G01N21/03 , G01N27/447
CPC分类号： G01N21/01 , G01N21/05 , G01N21/11 , G01N21/15 , G01N21/53 , G01N21/85 , G01N27/44704 , G01N27/44721 , G01N2021/0346 , G01N2021/054
摘要： A method and apparatus is disclosed for suppression of bubbles in an optical measurement cell. A measurement cell is filled with a fluid sample. Valves connected through plumbing connections to the cell are operated such that any flow in and out of the cell is stopped. A pressure source is then applied through a valve and flow impedance mechanism to the liquid contained within the cell, causing any bubbles contained or generated within the cell to be dissolved back into solution or reduced in size such that optical measurements taken of the sample are more accurate and free of interference with the measurement beam and of measured stray light. Possible pressure sources include compressed gas, a piston, and a constant flow-rate pump.
摘要翻译：公开了一种用于抑制光学测量单元中气泡的方法和装置。测量单元填充有流体样品。通过管道连接连接到电池的阀被操作，使得流过和流出电池的任何流动都停止。然后将压力源通过阀和流动阻抗机构施加到包含在电池内的液体，导致电池内所含或产生的任何气泡溶解回溶液或减小尺寸，使得对样品进行的光学测量更多准确无误的测量光束和测量的杂散光。可能的压力源包括压缩气体，活塞和恒定流量泵。

8. 发明申请

US20110210002A1 Method and apparatus to measure particle mobility in solution 有权
标题翻译：测量溶液中颗粒迁移率的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US20110210002A1
公开(公告)日：2011-09-01
申请号：US12782682
申请日：2010-05-18
申请人： Hung-Te Hsieh , Steven P. Trainoff
发明人： Hung-Te Hsieh , Steven P. Trainoff
IPC分类号： G01N27/447
CPC分类号： C08K5/20 , C08J3/203 , C08K5/098 , C08K5/523 , C08L23/12 , G01N27/44721 , G01N2021/4769 , G01N2021/479 , G01N2021/513
摘要： A method and apparatus is disclosed for measurement of the electrophoretic mobility of particles and molecules in solution. A sample of particles is placed in a cell containing two electrodes that apply an alternating electric field. A monochromatic light beam passes through the sample. Light scattered by the particles, along with the unscattered beam, is collected and collimated as it exits the cell. This beam is combined in free space with a phase modulated reference beam. The interference forms a frequency modulated speckle pattern, which is detected by a photodetector array. Each array element collects a narrow range of well-defined scattering angles. The signal from each is demodulated to extract the optical phase information providing a first-principle measurement of the electrophoretic mobility of the scattering particles. Each detector element provides a simultaneous independent measurement. This inherent parallelism drastically increases the amount of information available in a given time. The resulting increased sensitivity extends the mobility measurement to particles below one nanometer, reduces the required concentration and electric field compared to previous methods. This minimizes damage to fragile samples, increases the electrode useful life, and reduces joule heating. Electrophoretic mobility is a critically important parameter for predicting the stability of nanoparticle suspensions and pharmaceutical formulations such as protein therapeutics. This invention enables reliable free-solution phase measurement of these samples.
摘要翻译：公开了用于测量溶液中颗粒和分子的电泳迁移率的方法和装置。将颗粒样品放置在包含施加交变电场的两个电极的电池中。单色光束通过样品。颗粒散射的光以及未散射的光束在离开细胞时被收集和准直。该光束在自由空间中与相位调制参考光束组合。干扰形成调频散斑图案，其由光电检测器阵列检测。每个阵列元素收集一系列精确定义的散射角。来自每个的信号被解调以提取光学相位信息，提供散射粒子的电泳迁移率的第一原理测量。每个检测器元件提供同时独立的测量。这种固有的并行性大大增加了在给定时间内可用的信息量。所产生的增加的灵敏度将迁移率测量扩展到低于1纳米的颗粒，与以前的方法相比，减少了所需的浓度和电场。这最大限度地减少对脆性样品的损伤，增加电极的使用寿命，并减少焦耳加热。电泳迁移率是预测纳米颗粒悬浮液和药物制剂如蛋白质治疗剂的稳定性的关键参数。本发明能够对这些样品进行可靠的自溶相测定。

9. 发明申请

US20100315637A1 Method and apparatus for measuring the scattered light signals from a liquid sample 有权
标题翻译：用于测量来自液体样品的散射光信号的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US20100315637A1
公开(公告)日：2010-12-16
申请号：US12456470
申请日：2009-06-15
申请人： Steven P. Trainoff
发明人： Steven P. Trainoff
IPC分类号： G01N21/51 , G01N21/01
CPC分类号： G01N21/51 , G01N21/05 , G01N2021/0346 , G01N2021/4709 , G01N2021/513
摘要： A sample cell for making light scattering measurements, incorporating an exterior surface acting as both a lateral and vertical lens, is described. This unique structure permits greatly improved measurement of the light scattered by molecules and particles suspended in a fluid contained therein or flowing therethrough while illuminated by a fine light beam incident thereon. The resultant lensed structure of the cell, when integrated into a scattered light photometer and combined with suitable apertures before each scattered light collecting detector, reduces significantly stray light from entering each such detector.
摘要翻译：描述了用于进行光散射测量的样品池，其包括用作横向和垂直透镜两者的外表面。这种独特的结构允许由入射在其上的细小光束照射的悬浮在其中包含或流过的流体中的分子和颗粒散射的光的大大改进的测量。当集成到散射光光度计中并与每个散射光收集检测器之间的适当孔组合之前，细胞的所得透镜结构显着减少了进入每个这样的检测器的杂散光。

10. 发明授权

US06452672B1 Self cleaning optical flow cell 有权
标题翻译：自清光学流通池
公开(公告)号：US06452672B1
公开(公告)日：2002-09-17
申请号：US09523003
申请日：2000-03-10
申请人： Steven P. Trainoff
发明人： Steven P. Trainoff
IPC分类号： G01N110
CPC分类号： G01N21/15 , G01N21/05 , G01N2021/154 , Y10T137/4238
摘要： Optical flow cells used, for example, for making scattered light measurements on liquid borne samples, are often affected by particulate materials that adhere to the internal optical surfaces. These contaminating particulates can cause distortions of the scattered light signals to be measured from the illuminated samples within the flow cell. Such particulates are difficult to remove, especially while the cell is assembled. A method for dislodging and removing such particulate contaminants is described that consists of attaching externally to the flow cell an ultrasonic generator whose frequency of operation may be tuned to couple most effectively with the internal structures of the flow cell itself. Such ultrasonic coupling must be accompanied by an impressed flow through the cell that can remove from the cell particulates that have been dislodged. In order to assure good mechanical action, the impressed ultrasonic frequency is swept over a range of frequencies.
摘要翻译：例如用于在液体样品上进行散射光测量所用的光学流动池通常受附着于内部光学表面的颗粒材料的影响。这些污染性微粒可导致从流动池内的照射样品测量的散射光信号的变形。这种颗粒难以去除，特别是在电池组装时。描述了一种用于移除和去除这种颗粒污染物的方法，该方法包括将外部附着在流动池上的超声波发生器，其超声波发生器的操作频率可被调整为最有效地与流动池本身的内部结构相匹配。这种超声波耦合必须伴随有通过电池的压入流动，其可从电池中移除被移除的颗粒物。为了确保良好的机械作用，将超声频率扫描在一定范围的频率上。

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