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1. 发明授权

US06768541B2 Chromatic dispersion measurement 有权
标题翻译：色散测量
公开(公告)号：US06768541B2
公开(公告)日：2004-07-27
申请号：US10306264
申请日：2002-11-27
申请人： James Power Gordon , Robert Meachem Jopson , Herwig Werner Kogelnik , Lynn E. Nelson
发明人： James Power Gordon , Robert Meachem Jopson , Herwig Werner Kogelnik , Lynn E. Nelson
IPC分类号： G01N2100
CPC分类号： G01M11/333 , G01M11/335 , G01M11/336
摘要： In one method, two light signals, of the same optical frequency, but having orthogonal states of polarization, are transmitted through an optical device and the mean signal delay of each of the light signals is measured. Calculations, based upon disclosed relationships, provide the polarization-independent delay (&tgr;0) through the optical device based upon the mean signal delays (&tgr;g1 and &tgr;g(−1)) of each of the light signals. By comparing &tgr;0 at adjacent wavelengths, the chromatic dispersion of the optical device can be accurately measured even in the presence of PMD. In a second, similar method, four light signals of non-degenerate polarizations states that span Stokes space are utilized. In a modification of the above-described methods based on the measurement of pulse delays, the methods are adapted to the measurement of phase delays of sinusoidally modulated signals.
摘要翻译：在一种方法中，具有相同光频率但具有正交偏振状态的两个光信号通过光学器件传输，并且测量每个光信号的平均信号延迟。基于公开的关系的计算基于每个光信号的平均信号延迟（taug1和taug（-1）），通过光学装置提供偏振无关延迟（τ0）。通过比较相邻波长的τ0，即使在存在PMD的情况下也能够精确地测量光学器件的色散。在第二种类似的方法中，利用跨越斯托克斯空间的非退化极化状态的四个光信号。在基于脉冲延迟测量的上述方法的修改中，该方法适于测量正弦调制信号的相位延迟。

2. 发明授权

US4013000A Optical crossbar switching network 失效
标题翻译：光交叉开关网络
公开(公告)号：US4013000A
公开(公告)日：1977-03-22
申请号：US633719
申请日：1975-11-20
申请人： Herwig Werner Kogelnik
发明人： Herwig Werner Kogelnik
IPC分类号： G02B6/28 , G02B6/34 , G02B6/35 , G02F1/03 , G02F1/09 , G02F1/11 , G02F1/313 , H04Q3/52 , G02B5/14
CPC分类号： G02B6/3536 , G02B6/2821 , G02B6/29334 , G02F1/3137 , H04Q3/526 , G02B6/3534 , G02B6/3546 , G02B6/3578 , G02B6/3596 , G02F1/03 , G02F1/09 , G02F1/11 , G02F2201/302
摘要： An optical switching network employing a plurality of optical switching crosspoints is implemented by providing the first and second pluralities of strip waveguide channels passing one over the other in parallel planes separated by an intervening medium. The implementation is further characterized by including at each of the proposed switching crosspoints, that is, at the regions of closest approach of the different strip guides, beam-guide couplers such as grating-type couplers to couple the modulated optical energy from one of the first plurality of channels to one of the second plurality of channels through an intervening, supporting medium. There are provided two couplers at each optical crosspoint; and they are controllable between coupling and noncoupling conditions with respect to their respective waveguide channels.
摘要翻译：采用多个光交换交叉点的光交换网络通过提供第一和第二多条带状波导通道，通过在由介入介质分隔开的平行平面中彼此通过。该实现的特征还在于，在每个所提出的切换交叉点处，即在不同条带引导件的最接近的区域处，包括诸如光栅型耦合器之类的光束耦合器，用于将调制光能量从通过中间的支持介质将第一多个通道传送到第二多个通道之一。在每个光学交叉点提供两个耦合器; 并且它们在耦合和非耦合条件之间相对于它们各自的波导通道是可控的。

3. 发明授权

US4039249A Integrated optical devices including tunable fixed grating 失效
标题翻译：集成光学器件包括可调固定光栅
公开(公告)号：US4039249A
公开(公告)日：1977-08-02
申请号：US345715
申请日：1973-03-28
申请人： Ivan Paul Kaminow , Herwig Werner Kogelnik
发明人： Ivan Paul Kaminow , Herwig Werner Kogelnik
IPC分类号： G02F1/01 , G02F1/035 , G02F1/095 , H04B10/158 , G02B5/14
CPC分类号： G02F1/035 , H04B10/675 , G02F1/0134 , G02F1/0147 , G02F1/095 , G02F2201/307 , G02F2203/055 , G02F2203/22
摘要： A tunable permanently fixed diffraction grating is interposed in the path of an optical beam propagated in an integrated-optics device. Tuning is accomplished, for example, by establishing a variable electric field in the propagating medium to control its refractive index. In that way the effective grating spacing is changed. As a result tunable optical filters and intensity modulators are thereby realized.
摘要翻译：可调永久固定的衍射光栅被插入到在集成光学器件中传播的光束的路径中。例如，通过在传播介质中建立可变电场来控制其折射率来实现调谐。以这种方式，有效光栅间距发生变化。结果，由此实现了可调光学滤光器和强度调制器。

4. 发明授权

US4012113A Adjustable optical switch or modulator 失效
标题翻译：可调光开关或调制器
公开(公告)号：US4012113A
公开(公告)日：1977-03-15
申请号：US641649
申请日：1975-12-17
申请人： Herwig Werner Kogelnik , Ronald Vernon Schmidt
发明人： Herwig Werner Kogelnik , Ronald Vernon Schmidt
IPC分类号： G02B6/12 , G02F1/03 , G02F1/05 , G02F1/313 , G02B5/16
CPC分类号： G02F1/3132 , G02F2201/125
摘要： An optical switch of the switched directional coupler type is provided with an adjustable cross-over state as well as an adjustable straight-through state, in order to provide reduced crosstalk in the cross-over state, for example, when the switches are used in an optical switching system. The improved switch is based on asynchronous or phase-mismatched coupling between two parallel optical strip guides driven by electrodes to which the voltage is applied. In order to use phase-mismatched coupling instead of phase-matched coupling for the cross-over state, in order thereby to obtain electrical adjustability of that state, the driving electrodes are split into two or more sequential sections, thereby defining two sequential coupling sections of the parallel optical strip guides. The cross-over coupling is then achieved by switching the mismatch conditions so that at the point of partial coupling the "nonoriginating" guide appears to the coupled optical waves to be the "originating" guide.
摘要翻译：切换定向耦合器类型的光开关具有可调整的交叉状态以及可调的直通状态，以便在交叉状态下提供减小的串扰，例如当开关用于光交换系统。改进的开关基于由施加电压的电极驱动的两个平行光学条带引导之间的异步或相位失配的耦合。为了使用相位不匹配的耦合而不是用于交叉状态的相位匹配耦合，为了获得该状态的电可调性，驱动电极被分成两个或更多个顺序部分，由此限定两个顺序的耦合部分的平行光学条带引导件。然后通过切换不匹配条件来实现交叉耦合，使得在部分耦合点处，耦合光波的“非导航”引导件看起来是“始发”引导。

5. 发明授权

US3986020A Common medium optical multichannel exchange and switching system 失效
标题翻译：通用介质光通道交换和交换系统
公开(公告)号：US3986020A
公开(公告)日：1976-10-12
申请号：US616560
申请日：1975-09-25
申请人： Herwig Werner Kogelnik
发明人： Herwig Werner Kogelnik
IPC分类号： H04J14/02 , H04L12/42 , H04Q11/00 , H04Q11/04 , H04B9/00 , H04M3/56
CPC分类号： H04Q11/04 , H04J14/021 , H04L12/42 , H04Q11/0001 , H04J14/0204 , H04J14/0205 , H04J14/0206
摘要： In the disclosed common medium multichannel exchange and switching system, optical carrier frequencies and bandwidths are employed and provide switched channels of unprecedentedly large bandwidth. At the same time, the switching network at optical frequencies is of such unprecedentedly small size that it promises to be implementable via integrated optics on only one integrated circuit chip, or, at most, a few chips of suitable material. The system is adapted to optical frequencies in that the common medium is an optical strip guide and optical directional channel-separation filters are employed to couple a plurality of switched customers or switched facilities on to or off of the common medium. At the same time, the system is compatible with the central processing control of the general type employed in current electronic switching systems. In one embodiment, some of the directional channel-separation filters are tunable over the entire bandwidth of the system without compromising the small size of the integrated optics network by employing a variable diffraction-grating effect induced by an acoustic wave. A second embodiment provides distributed switching employing a looped common medium.
摘要翻译：在所公开的通用介质多信道交换和交换系统中，采用光载波频率和带宽，并提供前所未有的大带宽的交换信道。同时，在光频率下的交换网络具有前所未有的小尺寸，可以通过仅在一个集成电路芯片上的集成光学器件，或者至多几个适合材料的芯片来实现。该系统适用于光学频率，因为普通介质是光学条带引导件，并且使用光学定向通道分离滤光器将多个切换客户或交换设备耦合到公共介质上或从公共介质上耦合。同时，该系统与当前电子交换系统中采用的一般类型的中央处理控制兼容。在一个实施例中，一些定向信道分离滤波器在系统的整个带宽上是可调谐的，而不会通过采用由声波引起的可变的衍射光栅效应而不会影响集成光学网络的小尺寸。第二实施例提供采用循环通用介质的分布式交换。

6. 发明授权

US06519027B1 Polarization mode dispersion measurement 有权
标题翻译：极化模式色散测量
公开(公告)号：US06519027B1
公开(公告)日：2003-02-11
申请号：US09520537
申请日：2000-03-08
申请人： James Power Gordon , Robert Meachem Jopson , Herwig Werner Kogelnik , Lynn E. Nelson
发明人： James Power Gordon , Robert Meachem Jopson , Herwig Werner Kogelnik , Lynn E. Nelson
IPC分类号： G01N2100
CPC分类号： G01M11/336 , G01M11/333 , G01M11/335
摘要： Four different light signals, all of the same optical frequency, but, having different states of polarization, are transmitted through an optical device and the mean signal delay of each of the light signals is measured. Calculations, based upon the relationship, &tgr;g=&tgr;0−½ {right arrow over (&OHgr;)}·{overscore (s)}, describing the polarization dependence of &tgr;g (a measured mean signal delay) through the device as a function of &tgr;0 (a polarization independent delay component of the device), {right arrow over (&OHgr;)} (the PMD vector at the device input) and {overscore (s)} (the input Stokes vector of the light signal), yield the PMD of the device. Also, by comparing data taken at adjacent wavelengths, the chromatic dispersion of the optical device can be accurately measured even in the presence of PMD.
摘要翻译：四个不同的光信号，所有相同的光频率，但是具有不同的偏振状态，通过光学器件传输，并且测量每个光信号的平均信号延迟。基于该关系计算taug = tau0-½（右箭头（OMEGA。）{overscore（s，描述通过器件的taug的极化依赖性（测量的平均信号延迟）作为τ0的函数（偏振独立延迟器件的组件），{右箭头（OMEGA（器件输入端的PMD矢量））和{overscore（s（光信号的输入斯托克斯矢量））产生器件的PMD，并且通过比较数据在相邻的波长处，即使在存在PMD的情况下也能够精确地测量光学装置的色散。

7. 发明授权

US06380533B1 Method for measurement of first-and second-order polarization mode dispersion vectors in optical fibers 有权
标题翻译：用于测量光纤中的一阶和二阶偏振模色散矢量的方法
公开(公告)号：US06380533B1
公开(公告)日：2002-04-30
申请号：US09390033
申请日：1999-09-03
申请人： Robert Meachem Jopson , Herwig Werner Kogelnik , Lynn Elizabeth Nelson
发明人： Robert Meachem Jopson , Herwig Werner Kogelnik , Lynn Elizabeth Nelson
IPC分类号： G02F101
CPC分类号： G01M11/336 , G02B6/105
摘要： The present invention consists of a method and apparatus for measuring first and higher order PMD vectors in optical fibers. For each first-order PMD vector determination, two distinct polarization states are sequentially injected into an optical device under test for each of a pair of frequencies &ohgr; and &ohgr;+&Dgr;&ohgr;f. A Stokes vector s1 representing the first polarization state must not be parallel or anti-parallel to a Stokes vector sa representing the second polarization state, but the relative angle between s1 and sa need not be known. The frequency interval &Dgr;&ohgr;f is large to obtain a high signal-to-noise ratio. Thus, four light beams are injected, the first at frequency &ohgr; and polarization s1, the second at frequency &ohgr; and polarization sa, the third at frequency &ohgr;+&Dgr;&ohgr;f and polarization s1, and the fourth light at frequency &ohgr;+&Dgr;&ohgr;f and polarization sa. The output polarizations of these beams are measured and four corresponding output Stokes vectors are determined. A first-order PMD vector is then calculated from the four input Stokes vectors and four output Stokes vectors. Each subsequent PMD vector determination is then made using a pair of frequencies which differs from the previous pair of frequencies by a frequency interval &Dgr;&ohgr;i which is small compared to &Dgr;&ohgr;f. Since &Dgr;&ohgr;i can be small, high spectral resolution of the PMD vector can be obtained, while still maintaining good signal-to-noise ratio provided by using a large &Dgr;&ohgr;f. The good signal-to-noise ratio and high spectral resolution of the PMD vector allow the accurate determination of second- and higher-order PMD vectors.
摘要翻译：本发明由用于测量光纤中的第一和更高阶PMD矢量的方法和装置组成。对于每一个一阶PMD矢量确定，两个不同的极化状态被依次注入被测光学器件中的一对ω和ω+ DELTAomegaf中的每一个。表示第一极化状态的斯托克斯矢量s1不能与表示第二极化状态的斯托克斯矢量sa并联或反平行，而是不需要知道s1和sa之间的相对角度。频率间隔DELTAomegaf很大，以获得较高的信噪比。因此，注射四个光束，第一个以频率ω和极化s1，第二个以频率ω和极化sa，第三个频率ω+ DELTAomegaf和极化s1，第四个光在频率ω+ DELTAomegaf和极化sa。测量这些光束的输出极化，并确定四个相应的输出斯托克斯矢量。然后从四个输入斯托克斯矢量和四个输出斯托克斯矢量计算一阶PMD矢量。然后，使用与前一对频率不同的一对频率，以与DELTAomegaf相比较小的频率区间DELTAomegai来进行每个随后的PMD矢量确定。由于DELTAomegai可以小，可以获得PMD矢量的高光谱分辨率，同时仍然保持通过使用大型DELTAomegaf提供的良好的信噪比。 PMD矢量的良好的信噪比和高的光谱分辨率允许准确地确定二阶和更高阶的PMD矢量。

8. 发明授权

US6144450A Apparatus and method for improving the accuracy of polarization mode dispersion measurements 有权
标题翻译：用于提高偏振模色散测量精度的装置和方法
公开(公告)号：US6144450A
公开(公告)日：2000-11-07
申请号：US395238
申请日：1999-09-13
申请人： Robert Meachem Jopson , Herwig Werner Kogelnik , Lynn Elizabeth Nelson
发明人： Robert Meachem Jopson , Herwig Werner Kogelnik , Lynn Elizabeth Nelson
IPC分类号： G01J4/04 , G01M11/00 , H04B10/18 , G01J4/00
CPC分类号： H04B10/2569 , G01J4/04 , G01M11/333 , G01M11/335 , G01M11/336
摘要： An apparatus and method for simultaneously taking measurements that are used for determining PMD vectors. This reduces the time interval over which all measurements are taken and reduces inaccuracy caused by PMD variation during the time measurement interval. The apparatus and method may be used in conjunction with any technique for calculating PMD, such as the Poincare Sphere Technique or Jones Matrix Eigenanalysis. The apparatus simultaneously produces multiple light beams. To distinguish each light beam from the others, each beam is given a distinct modulation. All the beams are then combined and passed through the optical device under test. A polarization measuring device then measures the output polarization of the combined beam and outputs one or more composite electrical signals that describe the Stokes components of the output polarization of the combined beam and that have the same modulations present in the original combined beam. Using modulation filters having the same modulations as given to each original light beam, electrical signals may be extracted from the composite electrical signals that describe the Stokes components of the output polarization corresponding to each original light beam. Also, measurement and control of the frequency difference between light beams used for determining PMD vectors is improved by receiving light beams of two distinct frequencies using a detector that then outputs a signal having a frequency equal to the difference in frequencies of the light beams. In addition, a feedback loop is used to better control the frequency difference between two light sources. Also, a frequency shifter is used to generate two light beams separated by a specific frequency interval.
摘要翻译：用于同时进行用于确定PMD矢量的测量的装置和方法。这减少了所有测量的时间间隔，并减少了在时间测量间隔期间由PMD变化引起的误差。该装置和方法可以结合用于计算PMD的任何技术，例如Poincar + E，acu e + EE球体技术或Jones Matrix特征分析。该装置同时产生多个光束。为了将每个光束与其他光束区分开，每个光束被给出明显的调制。然后将所有光束组合并通过被测光学器件。偏振测量装置然后测量组合光束的输出偏振，并且输出描述组合光束的输出偏振的斯托克斯分量并且具有存在于原始组合光束中的相同调制的一个或多个复合电信号。使用具有与每个原始光束相同的调制的调制滤波器，可以从描述对应于每个原始光束的输出偏振的斯托克斯分量的复合电信号中提取电信号。此外，通过使用检测器接收两个不同频率的光束来改善用于确定PMD矢量的光束之间的频差的测量和控制，该检测器然后输出具有等于光束的频率差的频率的信号。另外，使用反馈环来更好地控制两个光源之间的频率差。此外，使用变频器来产生由特定频率间隔分开的两个光束。

9. 发明授权

US4111523A Thin film optical waveguide 失效
标题翻译：薄膜光波导
公开(公告)号：US4111523A
公开(公告)日：1978-09-05
申请号：US711319
申请日：1976-08-03
申请人： Ivan Paul Kaminow , Herwig Werner Kogelnik
发明人： Ivan Paul Kaminow , Herwig Werner Kogelnik
IPC分类号： G02F1/035 , G02B5/14
CPC分类号： G02F1/035
摘要： It is known to form an optical waveguiding thin film on a substrate. For various practical reasons, it is often desired that an optical beam coupled to the film be laterally confined so as to propagate only in a longitudinal stripe portion of the film. As disclosed herein, this is accomplished by depositing spaced-apart elements in contact with one surface of the film to establish in a narrow longitudinal region of the film between the elements an effective index of refraction that is higher than the index of the remainder of the film. In this way a longitudinal waveguiding stripe is formed on the film without the necessity of irradiating, etching or otherwise directly treating the film itself.

10. 发明授权

US3990775A Thin-film optical waveguide 失效
标题翻译：薄膜光波导
公开(公告)号：US3990775A
公开(公告)日：1976-11-09
申请号：US381985
申请日：1973-07-23
申请人： Ivan Paul Kaminow , Herwig Werner Kogelnik
发明人： Ivan Paul Kaminow , Herwig Werner Kogelnik
IPC分类号： G02F1/035 , G02B5/14
CPC分类号： G02F1/035
摘要： It is known to form an optical waveguiding thin film on a substrate. For various practical reasons, it is often desired that an optical beam coupled to the film be laterally confined so as to propagate only in a longitudinal stripe portion of the film. As disclosed herein, this is accomplished by depositing a material on a selected portion of the film surface to establish in a narrow longitudinal region of the film an effective index of refraction that is higher than the index of the remainder of the film. In this way a longitudinal waveguiding stripe is formed in the film without the necessity of irradiating, etching or otherwise directly treating the film itself.
摘要翻译：已知在基板上形成光波导薄膜。由于各种实际的原因，通常期望耦合到膜的光束被横向限制，以便仅在膜的纵向条部分中传播。如本文所公开的，这是通过在膜表面的选定部分上沉积材料来实现的，以在膜的窄的纵向区域中建立有效的折射率，该折射率高于膜的剩余部分的指数。以这种方式，在膜中形成纵向波导条，而不需要照射，蚀刻或以其它方式直接处理膜本身。

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