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1. 发明授权

US4699751A Neutron dosimeter 失效
标题翻译：中子剂量计
公开(公告)号：US4699751A
公开(公告)日：1987-10-13
申请号：US544531
申请日：1983-10-24
申请人： G. Samuel Hurst , Harold W. Schmitt , Norbert Thonnard , Tom J. Whitaker
发明人： G. Samuel Hurst , Harold W. Schmitt , Norbert Thonnard , Tom J. Whitaker
IPC分类号： G01T3/00 , G21C17/00
CPC分类号： G21C17/00 , G01T3/00
摘要： A dosimeter which incorporates new methods for determining neutron dose. Less than one millirad of dose due to neutrons of all energies down to approximately 10.sup.3 eV can be measured, and the response can be adjusted by design of the dosimeter. The dosimeter utilizes the sputtering of material from a target due to the action of the neutrons and measuring of the amount of sputtered material to determine the dose. The sputtered material may be, for example, a noble gas or an inert solid. Various radiator materials can be included to interact with the neutrons so that the resulting charged particles control the sputtering process and hereby increase the sensitivity of the dosimeter. The target material can be, for example, noble-gas-impregnated polycrystalline or amorphous metals. The sputtered material is analyzed using resonance ionization spectroscopy, sputter-initiated resonance ionization spectroscopy or other methods to determine its quantity and hence the neutron dose. Applications include, but are not limited to, personnel neutron dosimetry and stationary neutron monitors.
摘要翻译：一种剂量计，其包含用于确定中子剂量的新方法。可以测量由于所有能量的中子降至约103eV的剂量小于1毫升，并且响应可以通过剂量计的设计来调节。剂量计利用来自靶的材料的溅射，由于中子的作用并且测量溅射的材料的量以确定剂量。溅射的材料可以是例如惰性气体或惰性固体。可以包括各种散热器材料以与中子相互作用，使得所得的带电粒子控制溅射工艺，从而增加剂量计的灵敏度。目标材料可以是例如贵金属气体浸渍的多晶或非晶金属。使用共振电离光谱法，溅射引发的共振电离光谱法或其他方法分析溅射的材料以确定其量并因此确定中子剂量。应用包括但不限于人员中子剂量测定法和固定中子监测仪。

2. 发明授权

US5002868A DNA sequencing process using stable isotopes 失效
标题翻译：使用稳定同位素进行DNA测序
公开(公告)号：US5002868A
公开(公告)日：1991-03-26
申请号：US221734
申请日：1988-07-20
申请人： K. Bruce Jacobson , Harold W. Schmitt
发明人： K. Bruce Jacobson , Harold W. Schmitt
IPC分类号： C07H21/00 , C12Q1/68
CPC分类号： C12Q1/6869 , C07H21/00 , C12Q1/6816 , Y10S435/81 , Y10S436/80 , Y10S436/803 , Y10S436/805 , Y10T436/143333
摘要： A DNA sequencing process using specific stable isotopes associated with specific terminators for labels. The process includes a step of incorporating a stable isotope in at least one of the deoxynucleoside triphosphates and/or the dideoxynucleoside triphosphates such that a terminated strand has included within it or at the end a stable isotope such as an isotope of sulphur. Replicated strands are then separated by performing gel electrophoresis thereon. The location of the DNA strand with the stable isotope assigned to a terminator is analyzed preferably by resonance ionization spectroscopy. The stable isotopes can be chosen such that specific labels are assigned to at least one, and preferably to each base, in the dideoxynucleoside triphosphates. In the preferred embodiment, each of the bases (A, T, G and C) are associated with a specific stable isotopic label, and can be analyzed in a single track which enhances the accuracy of the sequencing process.
摘要翻译：使用与特定终止子相关的特定稳定同位素进行标记的DNA测序过程。该方法包括在至少一种脱氧核苷三磷酸和/或双脱氧核苷三磷酸中加入稳定同位素的步骤，使得封端的链在其内或末端包含稳定同位素如硫的同位素。然后通过在其上进行凝胶电泳分离复制的链。优选通过共振电离光谱法分析具有分配给终止子的稳定同位素的DNA链的位置。可以选择稳定的同位素，使得特定的标记分配给双脱氧核苷三磷酸中的至少一个，优选分配给每个碱基。在优选实施方案中，每个碱基（A，T，G和C）与特定的稳定同位素标记相关联，并且可以在增强测序过程的准确性的单个轨道中进行分析。

3. 发明授权

US4442354A Sputter initiated resonance ionization spectrometry 失效
标题翻译：溅射引发共振电离光谱法
公开(公告)号：US4442354A
公开(公告)日：1984-04-10
申请号：US341895
申请日：1982-01-22
申请人： G. Samuel Hurst , James E. Parks , Harold W. Schmitt
发明人： G. Samuel Hurst , James E. Parks , Harold W. Schmitt
IPC分类号： G01N21/63 , G01N23/225 , G01Q30/20 , H01J49/14 , H01J49/16 , B01D59/44
CPC分类号： H01J49/164 , G01N21/63 , G01N23/225 , H01J49/142
摘要： Apparatus and method are described for the quantitative analysis of a specific specie within a sample. The analysis has sufficient sensitivity for the detection of as little as one atom of the desired species. The method is accomplished by bombarding a sample with a highly focused charged particle beam; for example, a beam of positive argon ions having an energy from five to thirty kilovolts and a current of one milliampere or greater. This beam impinging upon the sample creates a cloud including secondary ions and neutral particles of the constituents of the sample. The cloud is irradiated with a laser beam having selected wavelengths therein for the unique ionization of the desired specie by means of resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS). In most applications some energy and/or mass discrimination is required. The energy discrimination can be accomplished by passing the RIS ions through an energy filter, with the ions emanating therefrom having a narrow range of energy. Then, if desired, a mass discrimination may be accomplished in an appropriate mass analyzer such as a time of flight spectrometer, an r.f. quadrupole mass spectrometer or a magnetic sector mass spectrometer.
摘要翻译：描述了用于样品中特定物种的定量分析的装置和方法。该分析具有足够的灵敏度，用于检测少至一个所需物种的原子。该方法通过用高度聚焦的带电粒子束轰击样品来实现; 例如，具有五至三十千伏的能量和一毫安或更大的电流的正氩离子束。撞击样品的这种光束会产生包含样品成分的二次离子和中性粒子的云。用其中选择的波长的激光束照射云，以通过共振电离光谱法（RIS）进行所需物种的独特电离。在大多数应用中，需要一些能量和/或质量的区别。能量鉴别可以通过将RIS离子通过能量过滤器来实现，其中从其发出的离子具有窄的能量范围。然后，如果需要，可以在合适的质量分析仪中进行质量鉴别，例如飞行时间谱仪，r.f. 四极杆质谱仪或磁性部门质谱仪。

4. 发明授权

US4290695A Method and apparatus for measurement of transmittance and scatter of light in water 失效
标题翻译：用于测量水中透光率和散射光的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US4290695A
公开(公告)日：1981-09-22
申请号：US80056
申请日：1979-09-28
申请人： Harold W. Schmitt
发明人： Harold W. Schmitt
IPC分类号： G01N21/53 , G01N21/01
CPC分类号： G01N21/534 , G01N21/532
摘要： Precise quantification of turbidity is obtainable through multiple determinations of the light attenuation coefficient of the particulate-bearing medium at a plurality of path lengths in the attenuating medium, and through multiple determinations of the scattering coefficient of the particulate-bearing medium at a selected angle of incidence and at a plurality of path lengths in the attenuating medium. In the preferred apparatus, these determinations employ a common light source and a common detector. In the present system, there are eliminated such adverse factors as light-source instability, detector instability, variations in particulate deposits on windows, and other problems, through the use of the ratio of the intensity measurements at different locations in the medium.
摘要翻译：通过在衰减介质中以多个路径长度多次确定颗粒承载介质的光衰减系数，并且通过多次确定颗粒承载介质在选定角度的散射系数来获得浊度的精确定量并且在衰减介质中具有多个路径长度。在优选的装置中，这些确定使用公共光源和公共检测器。在本系统中，通过使用介质中不同位置处的强度测量值的比例，消除了光源不稳定性，检测器不稳定性，窗口上微粒沉积物变化等不利因素。

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