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1. 发明授权

US06999943B1 Routing methods and systems for increasing payment transaction volume and profitability 失效
标题翻译：增加支付交易量和盈利能力的路由方法和系统
公开(公告)号：US06999943B1
公开(公告)日：2006-02-14
申请号：US09523405
申请日：2000-03-10
申请人： Lance Johnson , Brian Buckley , Paul C. Kocher , Peter Meffert
发明人： Lance Johnson , Brian Buckley , Paul C. Kocher , Peter Meffert
IPC分类号： G06F17/60
CPC分类号： G06Q30/06 , G06Q20/10 , G06Q40/00 , G06Q40/025 , G06Q40/04
摘要： Customers often have access to multiple payment methods for any given transaction. In one embodiment of the invention, a merchant obtains information regarding multiple payment methods from a customer, and sends said information to a transaction evaluator. Via computer networks, the transaction evaluator sends information about the transaction to the issuers of one or more of the payment methods. The issuers perform a cost/benefit analysis of the transactions and respond with a description of the terms under which they are willing to process the transaction. Based on the issuer response, the transaction evaluator selects one of the payment methods. By enabling participating issuers to select favorable transactions and avoid unprofitable ones, the invention can thus improve issuer profitability by directing profitable transactions to participating issuers while directing unprofitable transactions away from participating issuers or to alternate transaction methods that are more profitable or less costly.
摘要翻译：客户通常可以访问任何给定交易的多种付款方式。在本发明的一个实施例中，商家从客户获得关于多种支付方式的信息，并将所述信息发送给交易评估者。通过计算机网络，交易评估者将关于交易的信息发送给一个或多个支付方法的发行者。发行人对交易进行成本/效益分析，并对其愿意处理交易的条款作出回应。根据发行人的回应，交易评估者选择一种支付方式。通过使参与发行人能够选择有利的交易并避免无利可图的交易，因此本发明可以通过将有利可图的交易引向参与发行人，同时将无利可图的交易远离参与发行人或以更有利可图或成本更低的替代交易方式来提高发行人的盈利能力。

2. 发明授权

US09569628B2 Specialized circuitry for cryptographic authentication and other purposes 有权
标题翻译：用于加密认证和其他用途的专用电路
公开(公告)号：US09569628B2
公开(公告)日：2017-02-14
申请号：US11387401
申请日：2006-03-23
申请人： Paul C. Kocher , Benjamin C. Jun , Joshua M. Jaffe
发明人： Paul C. Kocher , Benjamin C. Jun , Joshua M. Jaffe
IPC分类号： G06F11/30 , G06F21/60 , G06F21/10 , G06F21/72 , G06Q20/36 , H04L9/08
CPC分类号： G06F21/602 , G06F21/10 , G06F21/72 , G06F2211/007 , G06F2221/0753 , G06F2221/2101 , G06Q20/367 , H04L9/0833 , H04L2209/127 , H04L2209/603
摘要： To prevent piracy, audiovisual content is encrypted prior to transmission to consumers. A low-cost, high-security cryptographic rights module (such as a smartcard) enables devices such as players/displays to decode such content. Security-critical functions may be performed by the cryptographic module in a manner that allows security compromises to be addressed by upgrading or replacing cryptographic modules, thereby avoiding the need to replace or modify other (typically much higher-cost) components. The security module contains cryptographic keys, which it uses to process rights enablement messages (REMs) and key derivation messages (KDMs). From a REM and KDM, the security module derives key data corresponding to content, uses public key and/or symmetric cryptography to re-encrypt the derived key data for another device, and provides the re-encrypted key data to the decoding device. The decoding device then uses cryptographic values derived from the re-encrypted key data to decrypt the content.
摘要翻译：为了防止盗版，视听内容在传输给消费者之前被加密。低成本，高安全性的加密权限模块（如智能卡）可使诸如播放器/显示器等设备解码此类内容。安全关键功能可以由加密模块以允许通过升级或替换加密模块来解决安全危害的方式来执行，从而避免需要替换或修改其他（通常成本更高的成本）组件。安全模块包含加密密钥，用于处理权限启用消息（REM）和密钥导出消息（KDM）。从REM和KDM，安全模块导出与内容对应的密钥数据，使用公开密钥和/或对称密码来对另一设备的导出密钥数据进行重新加密，并将重新加密的密钥数据提供给解码设备。解码装置然后使用从重新加密的密钥数据导出的加密值来解密内容。

3. 发明授权

US07634083B2 Differential power analysis 有权
公开(公告)号：US07634083B2
公开(公告)日：2009-12-15
申请号：US11643349
申请日：2006-12-21
申请人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe , Benjamin C. Jun
发明人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe , Benjamin C. Jun
IPC分类号： H04L9/00 , G06F21/00
CPC分类号： H04L9/0618 , G06F1/06 , G06F1/266 , G06F1/3225 , G06F7/00 , G06F21/75 , G06F21/755 , G06F21/77 , G06F2207/7223 , G06F2207/7266 , G06K19/073 , G06K19/07363 , G06Q20/341 , G06Q20/382 , G06Q20/409 , G07F7/08 , G07F7/082 , G07F7/1008 , G09C1/00 , H04L9/003 , H04L2209/04 , H04L2209/08 , H04L2209/56 , H04L2209/805
摘要： Information leaked from smart cards and other tamper resistant cryptographic devices can be statistically analyzed to determine keys or other secret data. A data collection and analysis system is configured with an analog-to-digital converter connected to measure the device's consumption of electrical power, or some other property of the target device, that varies during the device's processing. As the target device performs cryptographic operations, data from the A/D converter are recorded for each cryptographic operation. The stored data are then processed using statistical analysis, yielding the entire key, or partial information about the key that can be used to accelerate a brute force search or other attack.

4. 发明授权

US06327661B1 Using unpredictable information to minimize leakage from smartcards and other cryptosystems 有权
标题翻译：使用不可预测的信息来最小化智能卡和其他密码系统的泄漏
公开(公告)号：US06327661B1
公开(公告)日：2001-12-04
申请号：US09326222
申请日：1999-06-03
申请人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe , Benjamin C. Jun
发明人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe , Benjamin C. Jun
IPC分类号： G06F1214
CPC分类号： H04L63/1441 , G06F21/755 , G06F2207/7219 , G06K19/073 , G06K19/07363 , G06Q20/341 , G07F7/082 , G07F7/1008 , H04K3/825 , H04L9/003 , H04L9/004 , H04L9/0625 , H04L2209/08 , H04L2209/12 , H04L2209/16
摘要： Methods and apparatuses are disclosed for securing cryptosystems against external monitoring attacks by reducing the amount (and signal to noise ratio) of useful information leaked during processing. This is generally accomplished by incorporating unpredictable information into the cryptographic processing. Various embodiments of the invention use techniques such as reduction of signal to noise ratios, random noise generation, clock skipping, and introducing entropy into the order of processing operations or the execution path. The techniques may be implemented in hardware or software, may use a combination of digital and analog techniques, and may be deployed in a variety of cryptographic devices.
摘要翻译：公开了用于通过减少在处理期间泄露的有用信息的量（和信噪比）来保护密码系统免受外部监视攻击的方法和装置。这通常通过将不可预测的信息合并到密码处理中来实现。本发明的各种实施例使用诸如降低信噪比，随机噪声产生，时钟跳跃和将熵引入处理操作或执行路径的顺序的技术。这些技术可以在硬件或软件中实现，可以使用数字和模拟技术的组合，并且可以部署在各种加密设备中。

5. 发明授权

US06298442B1 Secure modular exponentiation with leak minimization for smartcards and other cryptosystems 有权
标题翻译：用智能卡和其他密码系统进行泄漏最小化的安全模幂运算
公开(公告)号：US06298442B1
公开(公告)日：2001-10-02
申请号：US09325528
申请日：1999-06-03
申请人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe
发明人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe
IPC分类号： G06F1214
CPC分类号： H04L9/3066 , G06F7/723 , G06F7/725 , G06F21/556 , G06F21/602 , G06F21/755 , G06F2207/7261 , H04L9/003 , H04L9/0841 , H04L2209/127 , H04L2209/56
摘要： Methods and apparatuses are disclosed for securing cryptosystems against external monitoring attacks by reducing the amount (and signal to noise ratio) of useful information leaked during processing. In general, this is accomplished by implementing critical operations using “branchless” or fixed execution path routines whereby the execution path does not vary in any manner that can reveal new information about the secret key during subsequent operations. More particularly, various embodiments of the invention include: implementing modular exponentiation without key-dependent conditional jumps; implementing modular exponentiation with fixed memory access patterns; implementing modular multiplication without using leak-prone multiplication-by-one operations; and implementing leak-minimizing multiplication (and other operations) for elliptic curve cryptosystems.
摘要翻译：公开了用于通过减少在处理期间泄露的有用信息的量（和信噪比）来保护密码系统免受外部监视攻击的方法和装置。一般来说，这是通过使用“无分支”或固定执行路径例程实现关键操作来实现的，由此执行路径在随后的操作期间可以以任何可以揭示关于秘密密钥的新信息的方式变化。更具体地，本发明的各种实施例包括：实现没有密钥依赖条件跳转的模幂运算; 实现具有固定存储器访问模式的模幂运算; 实现模数乘法而不使用易泄漏的乘法运算; 并为椭圆曲线密码系统实施泄漏最小化乘法（和其他操作）。

6. 发明授权

US06278783B1 Des and other cryptographic, processes with leak minimization for smartcards and other cryptosystems 有权
标题翻译： Des和其他加密过程与漏洞最小化智能卡和其他密码系统
公开(公告)号：US06278783B1
公开(公告)日：2001-08-21
申请号：US09324798
申请日：1999-06-03
申请人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe , Benjamin C. Jun
发明人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe , Benjamin C. Jun
IPC分类号： H04K102
CPC分类号： H04L9/0625 , G06F21/556 , G06F21/602 , G06F21/755 , G06F2207/7219 , H04L9/003 , H04L2209/046 , H04L2209/08 , H04L2209/127
摘要： Methods and apparatuses are disclosed for improving DES and other cryptographic protocols against external monitoring attacks by reducing the amount (and signal-to-noise ratio) of useful information leaked during processing. An improved DES implementation of the invention instead uses two 56-bit keys (K1 and K2) and two 64-bit plaintext messages (M1 and M2), each associated with a permutation (i.e., K1P, K2P and M1P, M2P) such that K1P {K1} XOR K2P {K2} equals the “standard” DES key K, and M1P {M1} XOR M2P {M2} equals the “standard” message. During operation of the device, the tables are preferably periodically updated, by introducing fresh entropy into the tables faster than information leaks out, so that attackers will not be able to obtain the table contents by analysis of measurements. The technique is implementable in cryptographic smartcards, tamper resistant chips, and secure processing systems of all kinds.
摘要翻译：公开了用于通过减少在处理期间泄露的有用信息的量（和信噪比）来改善DES和其他加密协议以防外部监视攻击的方法和装置。本发明的改进的DES实施方案改为使用两个56位密钥（K1和K2）和两个64位明文消息（M1和M2），每个与排列相关联（即，K1P，K2P和M1P，M2P），使得 K1P {K1} XOR K2P {K2}等于“标准”DES密钥K，M1P {M1} XOR M2P {M2}等于“标准”消息。在设备的操作期间，优选地通过将新鲜的熵引入到表中比信息泄漏出来更周期地更新表，使得攻击者将不能通过分析测量获得表内容。该技术可在加密智能卡，防篡改芯片和各种安全处理系统中实现。

7. 发明申请

US20110264923A1 SELF-PROTECTING DIGITAL CONTENT 有权
标题翻译：自我保护数字内容
公开(公告)号：US20110264923A1
公开(公告)日：2011-10-27
申请号：US13175238
申请日：2011-07-01
申请人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe , Benjamin C. Jun , Carter C. Laren , Peter K. Pearson , Nathaniel J. Lawson
发明人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe , Benjamin C. Jun , Carter C. Laren , Peter K. Pearson , Nathaniel J. Lawson
IPC分类号： G06F12/14 , H04L9/00
CPC分类号： H04N7/1675 , G06F21/50 , G06F21/62 , G06F21/6281 , G06F21/78 , G11B20/00086 , G11B20/00115 , G11B20/0021 , G11B20/00231 , G11B20/00246 , G11B20/00253 , G11B20/00449 , G11B20/00659 , G11B20/00818 , G11B20/00884 , H04L9/3236 , H04L9/3249 , H04L2209/56 , H04L2209/60 , H04L2209/606 , H04N21/25816 , H04N21/4135 , H04N21/4181 , H04N21/42646 , H04N21/4405 , H04N21/44236 , H04N21/8358 , H04N2005/91342
摘要： Technologies are disclosed to transfer responsibility and control over security from player makers to content authors by enabling integration of security logic and content. An exemplary optical disc carries an encrypted digital video title combined with data processing operations that implement the title's security policies and decryption processes. Player devices include a processing environment (e.g., a real-time virtual machine), which plays content by interpreting its processing operations. Players also provide procedure calls to enable content code to load data from media, perform network communications, determine playback environment configurations, access secure nonvolatile storage, submit data to CODECs for output, and/or perform cryptographic operations. Content can insert forensic watermarks in decoded output for tracing pirate copies. If pirates compromise a player or title, future content can be mastered with security features that, for example, block the attack, revoke pirated media, or use native code to correct player vulnerabilities.
摘要翻译：通过实现安全逻辑和内容的集成，公开了技术来将责任和控制权从播放器制造者转移到内容作者。示例性的光盘携带加密的数字视频标题，与实现标题的安全策略和解密过程的数据处理操作相结合。播放器设备包括通过解释其处理操作播放内容的处理环境（例如，实时虚拟机）。播放器还提供程序调用，使内容代码从媒体加载数据，执行网络通信，确定播放环境配置，访问安全的非易失性存储，提交数据到CODEC进行输出和/或执行加密操作。内容可以在解码输出中插入取证水印，以追踪盗版副本。如果海盗妥协一个玩家或者标题，那么未来的内容就可以掌握安全功能，例如阻止攻击，撤销盗版媒体或使用本机代码纠正播放器漏洞。

8. 发明授权

US07941666B2 Payment smart cards with hierarchical session key derivation providing security against differential power analysis and other attacks 有权
标题翻译：支付智能卡，具有分级会话密钥导出，提供针对差分功率分析和其他攻击的安全性
公开(公告)号：US07941666B2
公开(公告)日：2011-05-10
申请号：US10396975
申请日：2003-03-24
申请人： Paul C. Kocher
发明人： Paul C. Kocher
IPC分类号： H04L9/00
CPC分类号： G07F7/1008 , G06F2207/7219 , G06Q20/341 , G06Q20/40975 , H04L9/003 , H04L9/0625 , H04L9/0891
摘要： Chip cards are used to secure credit and debit payment transactions. To prevent fraudulent transactions, the card must protect cryptographic keys used to authenticate transactions. In particular, cards should resist differential power analysis and/or other attacks. To address security risks posed by leakage of partial information about keys during cryptographic transactions, cards may be configured to perform periodic cryptographic key update operations. The key update transformation prevents adversaries from exploiting partial information that may have been leaked about the card's keys. Update operations based on a hierarchical structure can enable efficient transaction verification by allowing a verifying party (e.g., an issuer) to derive a card's current state from a transaction counter and its initial state by performing one operation per level in the hierarchy, instead of progressing through all update operations performed by the card.
摘要翻译：芯片卡用于确保信用卡和借记支付交易。为防止欺诈性交易，该卡必须保护用于验证交易的加密密钥。特别地，卡应该抵抗差分功率分析和/或其他攻击。为了解决在加密事务期间泄漏关于密钥的部分信息所引起的安全隐患，卡可被配置为执行周期性加密密钥更新操作。关键的更新转换防止对手利用可能已经泄露的卡的密钥的部分信息。基于层次结构的更新操作可以通过允许验证方（例如，发行者）从事务计数器及其初始状态通过在层次结构中执行每个级别的一个操作来导出卡的当前状态来实现高效的事务验证，而不是进行通过卡执行的所有更新操作。

9. 发明授权

US07787620B2 Prevention of side channel attacks against block cipher implementations and other cryptographic systems 有权
标题翻译：防止针对块密码实现和其他加密系统的侧信道攻击
公开(公告)号：US07787620B2
公开(公告)日：2010-08-31
申请号：US11252898
申请日：2005-10-18
申请人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe , Benjamin C. Jun
发明人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe , Benjamin C. Jun
IPC分类号： H04L9/22
CPC分类号： H04L9/0625 , G06F21/556 , G06F21/602 , G06F21/755 , G06F2207/7219 , H04L9/003 , H04L2209/046 , H04L2209/08 , H04L2209/127
摘要： Methods and apparatuses are disclosed for improving DES and other cryptographic protocols against external monitoring attacks by reducing the amount (and signal-to-noise ratio) of useful information leaked during processing. An improved DES implementation of the invention instead uses two 56-bit keys (K1 and K2) and two 64-bit plaintext messages (M1 and M2), each associated with a permutation (i.e., K1P, K2P and M1P, M2P) such that K1P{K1} XOR K2P{K2} equals the “standard” DES key K, and M1P{M1} XOR M2P{M2} equals the “standard” message. During operation of the device, the tables are preferably periodically updated, by introducing fresh entropy into the tables faster than information leaks out, so that attackers will not be able to obtain the table contents by analysis of measurements. The technique is implementable in cryptographic smartcards, tamper resistant chips, and secure processing systems of all kinds.
摘要翻译：公开了用于通过减少在处理期间泄露的有用信息的量（和信噪比）来改善DES和其他加密协议以防外部监视攻击的方法和装置。本发明的改进的DES实施方案改为使用两个56位密钥（K1和K2）和两个64位明文消息（M1和M2），每个与排列相关联（即，K1P，K2P和M1P，M2P），使得 K1P {K1} XOR K2P {K2}等于“标准”DES密钥K，M1P {M1} XOR M2P {M2}等于“标准”消息。在设备的操作期间，优选地通过将新鲜的熵引入到表中比信息泄漏出来更周期地更新表，使得攻击者将不能通过分析测量获得表内容。该技术可在加密智能卡，防篡改芯片和各种安全处理系统中实现。

10. 发明授权

US07668310B2 Cryptographic computation using masking to prevent differential power analysis and other attacks 有权
标题翻译：使用掩码进行密码计算，以防止差分功率分析和其他攻击
公开(公告)号：US07668310B2
公开(公告)日：2010-02-23
申请号：US09930836
申请日：2001-08-15
申请人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe , Benjamin C. Jun
发明人： Paul C. Kocher , Joshua M. Jaffe , Benjamin C. Jun
IPC分类号： H04L9/22
CPC分类号： H04L9/0625 , G06F21/556 , G06F21/602 , G06F21/755 , G06F2207/7219 , H04L9/003 , H04L2209/046 , H04L2209/08 , H04L2209/127
摘要： Methods and apparatuses are disclosed for improving DES and other cryptographic protocols against external monitoring attacks by reducing the amount (and signal-to-noise ratio) of useful information leaked during processing. An improved DES implementation of the invention instead uses two 56-bit keys (K1 and K2) and two 64-bit plaintext messages (M1 and M2), each associated with a permutation (i.e., K1P, K2P and M1P, M2P) such that K1P{K1} XOR K2P {K2} equals the “standard” DES key K, and M1P{M1} XOR M2P{M2} equals the “standard” message. During operation of the device, the tables are preferably periodically updated, by introducing fresh entropy into the tables faster than information leaks out, so that attackers will not be able to obtain the table contents by analysis of measurements. The technique is implementable in cryptographic smartcards, tamper resistant chips, and secure processing systems of all kinds.
摘要翻译：公开了用于通过减少在处理期间泄露的有用信息的量（和信噪比）来改善DES和其他加密协议以防外部监视攻击的方法和装置。本发明的改进的DES实施方案改为使用两个56位密钥（K1和K2）和两个64位明文消息（M1和M2），每个与排列相关联（即，K1P，K2P和M1P，M2P），使得 K1P {K1} XOR K2P {K2}等于“标准”DES密钥K，M1P {M1} XOR M2P {M2}等于“标准”消息。在设备的操作期间，优选地通过将新鲜的熵引入到表中比信息泄漏出来更周期地更新表，使得攻击者将不能通过分析测量获得表内容。该技术可在加密智能卡，防篡改芯片和各种安全处理系统中实现。

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