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1. 发明申请

WO2012142213A3 SAFE SEQUENCING SYSTEM 审中-公开
标题翻译：安全排序系统
公开(公告)号：WO2012142213A3
公开(公告)日：2013-01-24
申请号：PCT/US2012033207
申请日：2012-04-12
申请人： UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS , VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , KINDE ISAAC
发明人： VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , KINDE ISAAC
IPC分类号： C12Q1/68 , C12N15/11
CPC分类号： C12Q1/6874 , C12Q1/6806 , C12Q1/6869 , C12Q1/6876 , C12Q2563/179 , C12Q2600/158 , C12Q2535/122 , C12Q2565/514
摘要： The identification of mutations that are present in a small fraction of DNA templates is essential for progress in several areas of biomedical research. Though massively parallel sequencing instruments are in principle well-suited to this task, the error rates in such instruments are generally too high to allow confident identification of rare variants. We here describe an approach that can substantially increase the sensitivity of massively parallel sequencing instruments for this purpose. One example of this approach, called "Safe-SeqS" for (Safe-Sequencing System) includes (i) assignment of a unique identifier (UID) to each template molecule; (ii) amplification of each uniquely tagged template molecule to create UID-families; and (iii) redundant sequencing of the amplification products. PCR fragments with the same UID are truly mutant ("super-mutants") if =95% of them contain the identical mutation. We illustrate the utility of this approach for determining the fidelity of a polymerase, the accuracy of oligonucleotides synthesized in vitro, and the prevalence of mutations in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of normal cells.
摘要翻译：存在于DNA模板的一小部分中的突变的鉴定对于在几个生物医学研究领域的进展是必不可少的。尽管大规模并行测序仪器原则上非常适合于此任务，但是这些仪器中的错误率通常太高，无法确定罕见的变体。我们在这里描述了一种可以显着增加大规模并行测序仪器对此目的的灵敏度的方法。这种方法的一个例子是（Safe-Sequencing System），称为“Safe-SeqS”，包括（i）将唯一标识符（UID）分配给每个模板分子; （ii）每个唯一标记的模板分子的扩增以产生UID家族; 和（iii）扩增产物的冗余测序。具有相同UID的PCR片段是真正的突变体（“超突变体”），如果其中95％含有相同的突变。我们说明了这种方法用于确定聚合酶的保真度，体外合成的寡核苷酸的准确性以及正常细胞的核和线粒体基因组中突变的流行率的效用。

2. 发明申请

WO2010028098A3 PATHWAYS UNDERLYING PANCREATIC TUMORIGENESIS AND AN HEREDITARY PANCREATIC CANCER GENE 审中-公开
标题翻译：基于胰腺癌和胰腺癌基因的途径
公开(公告)号：WO2010028098A3
公开(公告)日：2010-06-10
申请号：PCT/US2009055802
申请日：2009-09-03
申请人： UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS , VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , PARSONS D WILLIAMS , JONES SIAN , ZHANG XIAOSONG , LIN JIMMY CHANG-HO , LEARY REBECCA J , ANGENENDT PHILIPP , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , VELCULESCU VICTOR , PARMIGIANI GIOVANNI , KARCHIN RACHEL , KERN SCOTT , HRUBAN RALPH , ESHLEMAN JAMES R , GOGGINS MICHAEL , KLEIN ALISON
发明人： VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , PARSONS D WILLIAMS , JONES SIAN , ZHANG XIAOSONG , LIN JIMMY CHANG-HO , LEARY REBECCA J , ANGENENDT PHILIPP , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , VELCULESCU VICTOR , PARMIGIANI GIOVANNI , KARCHIN RACHEL , KERN SCOTT , HRUBAN RALPH , ESHLEMAN JAMES R , GOGGINS MICHAEL , KLEIN ALISON
IPC分类号： C12Q1/68
CPC分类号： G01N33/57438 , C12Q1/6886 , C12Q2600/156 , G01N2800/50
摘要： This invention relates to new insights into the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancers by analyzing the genes altered in 24 pancreatic tumors. First, we determined the sequences of 23,781 transcripts, representing 20,583 protein-encoding genes, in DNA from these tumors. Second, we searched for homozygous deletions and amplifications using microarrays querying one million single nucleotide polymorphisms in each sample. Third, we analyzed the transcriptomes of the same samples using SAGE and next-generation sequencing-by-synthesis technologies We found that pancreatic cancers contain an average of 63 genetic alterations, of which 49 are point mutations, 8 are homozygous deletions, and 6 are amplifications. Further analyses revealed a core set of 12 regulatory processes or pathways that were each genetically altered in 70 % to 100 % of the samples. The data suggest that dysregulation of this core set of pathways is responsible for the major features of pancreatic tumorigenesis.
摘要翻译：本发明涉及通过分析24个胰腺肿瘤中改变的基因对胰腺癌发病机理的新见解。首先，我们从这些肿瘤的DNA中确定了23,781个转录本，代表20,583个蛋白质编码基因的序列。其次，我们使用微阵列查询了每个样本中一百万个单核苷酸多态性的纯合缺失和扩增。第三，我们使用SAGE和下一代合成技术分析相同样品的转录组我们发现胰腺癌平均含有63个遗传改变，其中49个是点突变，8个是纯合缺失，6个是扩增。进一步的分析揭示了一组核心的12个调节过程或途径，在70％至100％的样品中进行了遗传改变。数据表明，这种核心途径的失调导致了胰腺肿瘤发生的主要特征。

3. 发明申请

WO2013003585A3 ENRICHMENT OF NUCLEIC ACIDS BY COMPLIMENTARY CAPTURE 审中-公开
标题翻译：通过完全捕获富集核酸
公开(公告)号：WO2013003585A3
公开(公告)日：2013-03-28
申请号：PCT/US2012044634
申请日：2012-06-28
申请人： UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS , VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , WU JIAN
发明人： VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , WU JIAN
IPC分类号： C12Q1/68 , C12N15/11
CPC分类号： C12Q1/6806 , C12Q2535/122 , C12Q2563/131 , C12Q2563/149 , C12Q2565/518
摘要： Assays can be used to detect mutations found in neoplasms of the pancreas, as well as for other neoplasms and other uses. Nucleic acids can be captured from body fluids such as cyst fluids. Thousands of oligonucleotides can be synthesized in parallel, amplified and ligated together. The ligated products can be further amplified. The amplified, ligated products are used to capture complementary DNA sequences, which can be analyzed, for example by massively parallel sequencing.
摘要翻译：分析可用于检测胰腺肿瘤中发现的突变，以及其他肿瘤和其他用途。核酸可以从体液如囊肿液中捕获。数千个寡核苷酸可以平行合成，扩增并连接在一起。连接产物可以进一步扩增。扩增的连接产物用于捕获互补DNA序列，其可以通过例如大规模平行测序进行分析。

4. 发明申请

WO2012099881A2 MUTANT PROTEINS AS CANCER-SPECIFIC BIOMARKERS 审中-公开
标题翻译：突变蛋白作为癌症特异性生物标志物
公开(公告)号：WO2012099881A2
公开(公告)日：2012-07-26
申请号：PCT/US2012021553
申请日：2012-01-17
申请人： UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS , VOGELSTEIN BERT , WANG QING , PANDEY AKHILESH , KINZLER KENNETH W , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS
发明人： VOGELSTEIN BERT , WANG QING , PANDEY AKHILESH , KINZLER KENNETH W , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS
IPC分类号： G01N33/68 , G01N33/551 , G01N33/574
CPC分类号： G01N33/6893 , G01N33/574 , G01N33/6848
摘要： Altered protein products resulting from somatic mutations are directly identified and quantified by mass spectrometry. The peptides expressed from normal and mutant alleles are detected by Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) of their product ions using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. As a prototypical example of this approach, we quantify the number and fraction of mutant Ras protein present in cancer cell lines. There were an average of 1.3 million molecules of Ras protein per cell and the ratio of mutant to normal Ras proteins ranged from 0.49 to 5.6. Similarly, we detected and quantified mutant Ras proteins in clinical specimens such as colorectal and pancreatic tumor tissues as well as in pre-malignant pancreatic cyst fluids. These methods are useful for diagnostic applications.
摘要翻译：通过质谱法直接鉴定和定量由体细胞突变产生的改变的蛋白质产物。使用三重四极质谱仪通过其产物离子的选择性反应监测（SRM）来检测从正常和突变等位基因表达的肽。作为这种方法的原型实例，我们量化了存在于癌细胞系中的突变型Ras蛋白的数量和分数。每个细胞平均有130万个Ras蛋白分子，突变体与正常Ras蛋白的比例范围为0.49至5.6。同样，我们在临床标本如结直肠癌和胰腺肿瘤组织以及恶变前胰腺囊液中检测并定量了突变型Ras蛋白。这些方法对诊断应用程序很有用。

5. 发明申请

WO2012064721A2 MEDULLOBLASTOMA GENES AS TARGETS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTICS 审中-公开
标题翻译：作为诊断和治疗目标的MEDLOBLASTOMA基因
公开(公告)号：WO2012064721A2
公开(公告)日：2012-05-18
申请号：PCT/US2011059751
申请日：2011-11-08
申请人： UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS , UNIV DUKE , VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , PARSONS DONALD WILLIAMS , LEARY REBECCA J , LI MENG , ZHANG XIAOSONG , JONES SIAN , RIGGINS GREGORY J , VELCULESCU VICTOR , BIGNER DARELL , YAN HAI
发明人： VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , PARSONS DONALD WILLIAMS , LEARY REBECCA J , LI MENG , ZHANG XIAOSONG , JONES SIAN , RIGGINS GREGORY J , VELCULESCU VICTOR , BIGNER DARELL , YAN HAI
IPC分类号： G01N33/574 , C12Q1/68 , G01N33/50
CPC分类号： C12Q1/6886 , C12Q2600/112 , C12Q2600/156 , G01N33/57407
摘要： Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor of children. To identify the genetic alterations in this tumor type, we searched for copy number alterations using high density microarrays and sequenced all known protein-coding genes and miRNA genes using Sanger sequencing. We found that, on average, each tumor had 11 gene alterations, markedly fewer than in common adult cancers. In addition to alterations in the Hedgehog and Wnt pathways, our analysis led to the discovery of genes not previously known to be altered in MBs. Most notably, inactivating mutations of the histone H3K4 trimethylase genes MLL2 or MLL3 were identified in 16% of MB patients. These results demonstrate key differences between the genetic landscapes of adult and childhood cancers, highlight dysregulation of developmental pathways as an important mechanism underlying MBs, and identify a role for a specific type of histone methylation in human tumorigenesis.
摘要翻译：髓母细胞瘤（MB）是儿童最常见的恶性脑肿瘤。为了鉴定这种肿瘤类型的遗传改变，我们使用高密度微阵列搜索拷贝数改变，并使用Sanger测序对所有已知的蛋白质编码基因和miRNA基因进行测序。我们发现平均而言，每个肿瘤有11个基因改变，明显少于常见的成人癌症。除了Hedgehog和Wnt途径的改变之外，我们的分析还导致发现以前不知道在MB中改变的基因。最值得注意的是，在16％的MB患者中鉴定出组蛋白H3K4三甲基化酶基因MLL2或MLL3的失活突变。这些结果表明成人和儿童癌症的遗传景观之间的主要区别，突出发展途径的失调作为潜在的MB的重要机制，并确定在人类肿瘤特定类型的组蛋白甲基化的作用。

6. 发明申请

WO2013012927A3 OLIGODENDROGLIOMA DRIVER GENES 审中-公开
公开(公告)号：WO2013012927A3
公开(公告)日：2013-03-21
申请号：PCT/US2012047211
申请日：2012-07-18
申请人： UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS , UNIV DUKE , VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , BETTEGOWDA CHETAN , AGRAWAL NISHANT , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , BIGNER DARELL , YAN HAI , MCLENDON ROGER
发明人： VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , BETTEGOWDA CHETAN , AGRAWAL NISHANT , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , BIGNER DARELL , YAN HAI , MCLENDON ROGER
IPC分类号： C12Q1/68 , C12N15/11
CPC分类号： C12Q1/6886 , C12Q2600/106 , C12Q2600/112 , C12Q2600/118 , C12Q2600/156 , C12Q2600/158
摘要： Oligodendrogliomas are the second most common malignant brain tumor in adults. These tumors often contain a chromosomal abnormality involving a pericentromeric fusion of chromosomes 1 and 19, resulting in losses of the entire short arm of the former and the long arm of the latter. To identify the molecular genetic basis for this alteration, we performed exomic sequencing of seven anaplastic oligodendrogliomas with chromosome 1p and 19q losses. Among other changes, we found that that CIC (homolog of the Drosophila gene capicua) on chromosome 19q was somatically mutated in six of the seven cases and that FUBP1 (far upstream element (FUSE) binding protein) on chromosome 1p was somatically mutated in two of the seven cases. Examination of 27 additional oligodendrogliomas revealed 12 and 3 more tumors with mutations of CIC and FUBP1, respectively, 58% of which were predicted to result in truncations of the encoded proteins. These results suggest a critical role for these genes in the biology and pathology of oligodendrocytes.
摘要翻译：少突神经胶质瘤是成人中第二常见的恶性脑肿瘤。这些肿瘤通常含有涉及染色体1和19的pericentromer融合的染色体异常，导致前者的整个短臂和后者的长臂损失。为了确定这种改变的分子遗传基础，我们对染色体1p和19q丢失的7个间变性少突神经胶质瘤进行了外显子测序。在其他变化中，我们发现染色体19q上的CIC（果蝇基因capicua的同源物）在七个病例中的六个中发生体细胞突变，并且染色体1p上的FUBP1（远端上游元件（FUSE）结合蛋白）在两个体细胞突变在七宗个案中。 27例额外少突胶质瘤的检查发现12例和3例多发CIC和FUBP1突变的肿瘤，其中58％预计会导致编码蛋白截短。这些结果表明这些基因在少突胶质细胞的生物学和病理学中起关键作用。

7. 发明申请

WO2012178034A2 MUTATIONS IN PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS 审中-公开
标题翻译：胰腺神经细胞的突变
公开(公告)号：WO2012178034A2
公开(公告)日：2012-12-27
申请号：PCT/US2012043783
申请日：2012-06-22
申请人： UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS , VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , WU JIAN , DIAZ LUIS , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , MATTHAEI HANNO , HRUBAN RALPH , MAITRA ANIRBAN
发明人： VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , WU JIAN , DIAZ LUIS , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , MATTHAEI HANNO , HRUBAN RALPH , MAITRA ANIRBAN
IPC分类号： C12Q1/68 , C12N15/11
CPC分类号： C12Q1/6886 , C12Q2600/112 , C12Q2600/156
摘要： To help reveal the pathogenesis of these lesions, we purified the DNA from Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN) cyst fluids from 19 patients and searched for mutations in 169 genes commonly altered in human cancers. We identified recurrent mutations at codon 201 of GNAS. We found that GNAS mutations were present in 66% of IPMNs and that either KRAS or GNAS mutations could be identified in 96%. In eight cases, we could investigate invasive adenocarcinomas that developed in association with IPMNs containing GNAS mutations. In seven of these eight cases, the GNAS mutations present in the IPMNs were also found in the invasive lesion. GNAS mutations were not found in other types of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas or in invasive adenocarcinomas not associated with IPMNs. These data suggest that GNAS mutations can inform the diagnosis and management of patients with cystic pancreatic lesions.
摘要翻译：为了揭示这些病变的发病机制，我们从19名患者的导管内乳头状粘液性肿瘤（IPMN）囊肿液中纯化DNA，并搜索了在人类癌症中通常改变的169种基因中的突变。我们在GNAS的201号密码子处鉴定了复发性突变。我们发现GNAS突变存在于66％的IPMNs中，KRAS或GNAS突变可以在96％中鉴定。在8例中，我们可以研究与含有GNAS突变的IPMN相关的侵袭性腺癌。在这8例中有7例中，存在于IPMNs中的GNAS突变也在侵袭性损伤中发现。在其他类型的胰腺囊性肿瘤或与IPMN无关的侵袭性腺癌中未发现GNAS突变。这些数据表明，GNAS突变可以为囊性胰腺病变患者的诊断和治疗提供依据。

8. 发明申请

WO2012071096A3 ARID1A AND PPP2R1A MUTATIONS IN CANCER 审中-公开
标题翻译：癌症中的ARID1A和PPP2R1A突变
公开(公告)号：WO2012071096A3
公开(公告)日：2012-08-16
申请号：PCT/US2011050487
申请日：2011-09-06
申请人： UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS , VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , VELCULESCU VICTOR , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , JONES SIAN
发明人： VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , VELCULESCU VICTOR , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , JONES SIAN
IPC分类号： C12Q1/68 , A61K31/7088 , C12N5/09 , C12N15/11 , G01N33/68
CPC分类号： C12Q1/6886 , A61K31/7088 , A61K31/711 , C12Q2600/156 , G01N33/5011
摘要： Two genes, ARID1A (AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A) and PPP2R1A (protein-phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit 1, alpha), can be used in methods which are useful for detecting cancer, diagnosing cancer, contributing to a diagnosis of cancer, confirming a diagnosis of cancer, identifying appropriate treatments for cancer, monitoring treatment of cancer, and evaluating treatment protocols for cancer, including ovarian clear cell carcinoma, breast cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer, lung cancer, medulloblastoma, pancreatic cancer, and prostate cancer.
摘要翻译：可用于检测癌症，诊断癌症，有助于诊断癌症的方法中使用两种基因ARID1A（含AT富含交互结构域的蛋白质1A）和PPP2R1A（蛋白质磷酸酶2，调节亚单位1，α）确定癌症的诊断，确定癌症的适当治疗，监测癌症的治疗，以及评估癌症的治疗方案，包括卵巢透明细胞癌，乳腺癌，结肠癌，胃癌，肺癌，成神经管细胞瘤，胰腺癌和前列腺癌。

9. 发明申请

WO2010118016A3 DIGITAL QUANTIFICATION OF DNA METHYLATION 审中-公开
标题翻译： DNA甲基化的数字量化
公开(公告)号：WO2010118016A3
公开(公告)日：2011-04-07
申请号：PCT/US2010030084
申请日：2010-04-06
申请人： UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS , UNIV CASE WESTERN RESERVE , VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , LI MENG , DIAZ LUIS , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , MARKOWITZ SANFORD
发明人： VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , LI MENG , DIAZ LUIS , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , MARKOWITZ SANFORD
IPC分类号： C12Q1/68 , C12N15/11 , G01N33/52
CPC分类号： C12Q1/6816 , C12Q1/6886 , C12Q2600/154 , C12Q2565/501 , C12Q2527/125 , C12Q2523/125
摘要： Abnormal DNA methylation can be used as a biomarker in cancer patients. For such purposes, it is important to determine precisely the fraction of methylated molecules in an analyzed sample. A technology we term Methyl-BEAMing achieves this goal. Individual bisulfite-treated DNA molecules can be PCR-amplified within aqueous nanocompartments containing beads, resulting in a population of beads each containing thousands of copies of the template molecule. After hybridization with probes specific for methylated sequences, the beads can be analyzed by flow cytometry. This approach enables detection and enumeration of one methylated molecule in a population of ~5000 unmethylated molecules. Methyl-BEAMing provides digital quantification of rare methylation events and is generally applicable to the assessment of methylated genes in clinical samples.
摘要翻译： DNA甲基化异常可用作癌症患者的生物标志物。为此目的，重要的是精确测定分析样品中甲基化分子的分数。我们称之为甲基BEAMing的技术实现了这一目标。单独的亚硫酸氢盐处理的DNA分子可以在含有珠粒的含水纳米间隔内进行PCR扩增，导致每个珠粒群含有数千份拷贝的模板分子。与特异于甲基化序列的探针杂交后，可以通过流式细胞术分析珠粒。这种方法能够检测和计数一个约5000个非甲基化分子的一个甲基化分子。甲基BEAMing提供罕见甲基化事件的数字量化，通常适用于临床样品中甲基化基因的评估。

10. 发明申请

WO2010028098A4 PATHWAYS UNDERLYING PANCREATIC TUMORIGENESIS AND AN HEREDITARY PANCREATIC CANCER GENE 审中-公开
标题翻译：胰岛素瘤和遗传性胰腺癌基因途径
公开(公告)号：WO2010028098A4
公开(公告)日：2010-08-19
申请号：PCT/US2009055802
申请日：2009-09-03
申请人： UNIV JOHNS HOPKINS , VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , PARSONS D WILLIAMS , JONES SIAN , ZHANG XIAOSONG , LIN JIMMY CHANG-HO , LEARY REBECCA J , ANGENENDT PHILIPP , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , VELCULESCU VICTOR , PARMIGIANI GIOVANNI , KARCHIN RACHEL , KERN SCOTT , HRUBAN RALPH , ESHLEMAN JAMES R , GOGGINS MICHAEL , KLEIN ALISON
发明人： VOGELSTEIN BERT , KINZLER KENNETH W , PARSONS D WILLIAMS , JONES SIAN , ZHANG XIAOSONG , LIN JIMMY CHANG-HO , LEARY REBECCA J , ANGENENDT PHILIPP , PAPADOPOULOS NICKOLAS , VELCULESCU VICTOR , PARMIGIANI GIOVANNI , KARCHIN RACHEL , KERN SCOTT , HRUBAN RALPH , ESHLEMAN JAMES R , GOGGINS MICHAEL , KLEIN ALISON
IPC分类号： C12Q1/68
CPC分类号： G01N33/57438 , C12Q1/6886 , C12Q2600/156 , G01N2800/50
摘要： This invention relates to new insights into the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancers by analyzing the genes altered in 24 pancreatic tumors. First, we determined the sequences of 23,781 transcripts, representing 20,583 protein-encoding genes, in DNA from these tumors. Second, we searched for homozygous deletions and amplifications using microarrays querying one million single nucleotide polymorphisms in each sample. Third, we analyzed the transcriptomes of the same samples using SAGE and next-generation sequencing-by-synthesis technologies We found that pancreatic cancers contain an average of 63 genetic alterations, of which 49 are point mutations, 8 are homozygous deletions, and 6 are amplifications. Further analyses revealed a core set of 12 regulatory processes or pathways that were each genetically altered in 70 % to 100 % of the samples. The data suggest that dysregulation of this core set of pathways is responsible for the major features of pancreatic tumorigenesis.
摘要翻译：本发明涉及通过分析在24个胰腺肿瘤中改变的基因而对胰腺癌的发病机理的新见解。首先，我们确定了来自这些肿瘤的DNA中23,781个转录物的序列，代表20,583个蛋白质编码基因。其次，我们使用微阵列查询每个样本中一百万个单核苷酸多态性来寻找纯合子缺失和扩增。第三，我们使用SAGE和下一代合成测序技术分析了相同样品的转录组我们发现胰腺癌平均含有63个基因改变，其中49个是点突变，8个是纯合子缺失，6个是扩增。进一步的分析揭示了12个监管程序或途径的核心组合，每个过程或途径在70％到100％的样本中均被遗传改变。数据表明这种核心途径的失调调节是胰腺肿瘤发生的主要特征的原因。

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