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1. 发明申请

WO2009124097A1 ELECTROSURGICAL SYSTEM 审中-公开
标题翻译：电磁系统
公开(公告)号：WO2009124097A1
公开(公告)日：2009-10-08
申请号：PCT/US2009/039046
申请日：2009-03-31
申请人： APPLIED MEDICAL RESOURCES CORPORATION , FALKENSTEIN, Zoran , CAPPELLO, Christopher, J. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , GIANNESCHI, Benjamin, A. , TRAN, Oliva, J. , WIXEY, Matthew, A. , PRAVONGVIENGKHAM, Kennii , PRAVONG, Boun , YAWATA, Haruyasu , BRUSTAD, John, R. , COHEN, Adam, J. , HILAL, Nabil , BECERRA, Matthew, M. , PINGLETON, Edward, D. , HILAL, Said, S. , HART, Charles, C. , WIKOFF, Chris, R.
发明人： FALKENSTEIN, Zoran , CAPPELLO, Christopher, J. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , GIANNESCHI, Benjamin, A. , TRAN, Oliva, J. , WIXEY, Matthew, A. , PRAVONGVIENGKHAM, Kennii , PRAVONG, Boun , YAWATA, Haruyasu , BRUSTAD, John, R. , COHEN, Adam, J. , HILAL, Nabil , BECERRA, Matthew, M. , PINGLETON, Edward, D. , HILAL, Said, S. , HART, Charles, C. , WIKOFF, Chris, R.
IPC分类号： A61B17/285
CPC分类号： A61B18/1445 , A61B17/07207 , A61B18/1206 , A61B18/1442 , A61B18/16 , A61B90/90 , A61B2017/00199 , A61B2017/2945 , A61B2018/00041 , A61B2018/00077 , A61B2018/00178 , A61B2018/00208 , A61B2018/00345 , A61B2018/00404 , A61B2018/00494 , A61B2018/00511 , A61B2018/00589 , A61B2018/00601 , A61B2018/00607 , A61B2018/00619 , A61B2018/00642 , A61B2018/00666 , A61B2018/00702 , A61B2018/00869 , A61B2018/00875 , A61B2018/00892 , A61B2018/00898 , A61B2018/00916 , A61B2018/00922 , A61B2018/00988 , A61B2018/124 , A61B2018/126 , A61B2018/1266 , A61B2018/1412 , A61B2018/1432 , A61B2018/144 , A61B2018/1455 , A61B2018/1467 , A61B2018/162
摘要： Phase end point determination is provided to automatically halt the application of energy to tissue. Prior to the application of energy, the phase end point determination is identified by measuring the product of permittivity and conductivity of the tissue to be treated. An electrosurgical system can include an electrosurgical generator, a feedback circuit or controller, and an electrosurgical tool. The feedback circuit can provide an electrosurgery endpoint by determining the phase end point of a tissue to be treated. The electrosurgical system can include more than one electrosurgical tool for different electrosurgical operations and can include a variety of user interface features and audio/visual performance indicators. The electrosurgical system can also power conventional bipolar electrosurgical tools and direct current surgical appliances.
摘要翻译：提供相位终点确定以自动停止向组织施加能量。在施加能量之前，通过测量待处理组织的介电常数和电导率的乘积来确定相位终点确定。电外科系统可以包括电外科发生器，反馈电路或控制器以及电外科手术工具。反馈电路可以通过确定待治疗的组织的相位终点来提供电外科终点。电外科系统可以包括多个用于不同电外科手术的电外科工具，并且可以包括各种用户界面特征和音频/视觉性能指标。电外科系统还可以为传统的双极电外科手术工具和直流手术器械提供电力。

2. 发明申请

WO2008128186A1 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TISSUE MORCELLATION 审中-公开
标题翻译：用于组织移植的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：WO2008128186A1
公开(公告)日：2008-10-23
申请号：PCT/US2008/060243
申请日：2008-04-14
申请人： APPLIED MEDICAL RESOURCES CORPORATION , PRAVONG, Boun , PRAVONGVIENGKHAM, Kennii , BECERRA, Matthew, M. , WIXEY, Matthew, A. , YAWATA, Haruyasu , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , FALKENSTEIN, Zoran , BRUSTAD, John, R. , HART, Charles, C.
发明人： PRAVONG, Boun , PRAVONGVIENGKHAM, Kennii , BECERRA, Matthew, M. , WIXEY, Matthew, A. , YAWATA, Haruyasu , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , FALKENSTEIN, Zoran , BRUSTAD, John, R. , HART, Charles, C.
IPC分类号： A61B17/32 , A61B17/14
CPC分类号： A61B17/32002 , A61B17/29 , A61B17/32053 , A61B90/361 , A61B2017/00902 , A61B2017/2948 , A61B2017/320024 , A61B2017/320775
摘要： The invention relates to a tissue morcellator for minimally invasive surgery. The morcellator has a metallic cutting ring mounted on a visually transparent hollow cylinder, which in combination with a visually transparent outer morcellator tube enables a surgeon to visualize the inside of the morcellator shaft for detection of loose tissue fragments in the device, A tenaculum used with the morceilation device has a spacer for preventing contact with the blade. The cutting tube can oscillate, rather than rotate, along the longitudinal axis of the cutting tube. The morcellator utilizes an extendable tissue guide on the outer tube of the morcellator shaft for preventing the tissue from rotating along the longitudinal axis of the morcellator tube. This allows the tissue to be continuously rotated into the morcellator device for continuous peel. The tissue guide can also be fully retracted to allow for coring of the bulk tissue.
摘要翻译：本发明涉及用于微创手术的组织移植器。旋转器具有安装在视觉上透明的中空圆柱体上的金属切割环，其与视觉上透明的外部致动器管组合，使得外科医生能够将morcellator轴的内部可视化，以检测装置中的松散的组织碎片。该光泽装置具有用于防止与叶片接触的间隔件。切割管可以沿着切割管的纵向轴线而摆动而不是旋转。 morcellator在morcellator轴的外管上使用可延伸的组织引导件，用于防止组织沿着morcellator管的纵向轴线旋转。这允许组织连续地旋转到morcellator装置中用于连续剥离。组织引导件也可以完全缩回以允许大块组织的取芯。

3. 发明申请

WO2010045253A1 SINGLE PORT ACCESS SYSTEM 审中-公开
标题翻译：单端口访问系统
公开(公告)号：WO2010045253A1
公开(公告)日：2010-04-22
申请号：PCT/US2009/060540
申请日：2009-10-13
申请人： APPLIED MEDICAL RESOURCES CORPORATION , ALBRECHT, Jeremy, J. , BECERRA, Matthew, M. , BRUSTAD, John, R. , LECHUGA, Juan , GADBERRY, Donald, L. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , GATUS, Aries, E. , PRAVONGVIENGKHAM, Kennii
发明人： ALBRECHT, Jeremy, J. , BECERRA, Matthew, M. , BRUSTAD, John, R. , LECHUGA, Juan , GADBERRY, Donald, L. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , GATUS, Aries, E. , PRAVONGVIENGKHAM, Kennii
IPC分类号： A61B17/34 , A61B17/02
CPC分类号： A61B17/02 , A61B17/0293 , A61B17/3421 , A61B17/3423 , A61B2017/3447 , A61B2017/3452 , A61B2017/3466 , A61B2017/347 , A61B2017/3484 , A61B2017/3492
摘要： Embodiments of a surgical access system useful for single or limited port procedures comprise a trocar (1800) comprising a fixation cannula (1810), a retractor, and a gel cap removably coupled to the retractor. The gel cap comprises a gel pad that acts as an artificial body wall, through which instruments may be inserted into a body cavity, either directly or through one or more trocars. The fixation cannula comprises a retainer (1830) and a bolster (1840), which together, capture the artificial body wall therebetween, thereby fixing the trocar thereto. The gel pad permits flexible instrument placement, as well as translational and angular degrees of freedom for the instruments while maintaining a gas tight seal.
摘要翻译：用于单个或有限端口程序的外科进入系统的实施例包括套管针（1800），其包括可拆卸地联接到牵开器的固定插管（1810），牵开器和凝胶帽。凝胶帽包括用作人造体壁的凝胶垫，仪器可以直接或通过一个或多个套管针插入体腔。固定套管包括保持器（1830）和垫块（1840），它们一起在其间捕获人造体壁，从而将套针固定到其上。凝胶垫允许灵活的仪器放置，以及仪器的平移和角度自由度，同时保持气密密封。

4. 发明申请

WO2011011538A3 SURGICAL ACCESS DEVICE COMPRISING INTERNAL RETRACTOR 审中-公开
公开(公告)号：WO2011011538A3
公开(公告)日：2011-01-27
申请号：PCT/US2010/042781
申请日：2010-07-21
申请人： APPLIED MEDICAL RESOURCES CORPORATION , HART, Charles, C. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , NGUYEN, Eric , PINGLETON, Edward, D. , PRAVONGVIENGKHAM, Kennii , SAKAKINE, Ghassan , WACHLI, Serene , BRUSTAD, John, R. , TRAN, Olivia, J.
发明人： HART, Charles, C. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , NGUYEN, Eric , PINGLETON, Edward, D. , PRAVONGVIENGKHAM, Kennii , SAKAKINE, Ghassan , WACHLI, Serene , BRUSTAD, John, R. , TRAN, Olivia, J.
IPC分类号： A61B17/02 , A61B17/34
摘要： Devices and systems provide a surgical access device (300) comprising an internal retractor device (370) integrated with or coupled to a body wall (40) or wound retractor (350). The wound retractor (350) retracts an opening in a body wall (40) into a body cavity (42), while the internal retractor (370) permits a user to control the positions of internal structures (30) within the body cavity (42), thereby permitting a user to define a surgical field (70). Embodiments of the internal retractor (370) are adjustable.

5. 发明申请

WO2008112364A2 BALLOON TROCAR 审中-公开
标题翻译：巴洛克TROCAR
公开(公告)号：WO2008112364A2
公开(公告)日：2008-09-18
申请号：PCT/US2008/053298
申请日：2008-02-07
申请人： APPLIED MEDICAL RESOURCES CORPORATION , ALBRECHT, Jeremy, J. , AU, Gigi , NGUYEN, Eric , GADBERRY, Donald, L. , BRUSTAD, John, R. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , HART, Charles, C. , MICHAUD, Michael, L. , BERCERRA, Matthew, M. , PRAVONGVIENGKHAM, Kennii
发明人： ALBRECHT, Jeremy, J. , AU, Gigi , NGUYEN, Eric , GADBERRY, Donald, L. , BRUSTAD, John, R. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , HART, Charles, C. , MICHAUD, Michael, L. , BERCERRA, Matthew, M. , PRAVONGVIENGKHAM, Kennii
IPC分类号： A61M25/00
CPC分类号： A61B17/3421 , A61B2017/3482 , A61B2017/3486 , A61B2017/3492
摘要： A balloon trocar includes a cannula assembly including a cannula and an outer sleeve fitting over the cannula. The distal end of the outer sleeve is proximal to the distal end of the cannula. A balloon is coupled to a distal portion of the sleeve and a distal portion of the cannula The outer surface of the cannula includes a plurality of longitudinal channels for transmitting gas or fluid to the balloon A bolster having a gel pad at its distal portion is slidably mounted to the cannula assembly and may be locked in a desired position In use, the trocar is inserted into an incision through a body wall and into a body cavity The balloon is inflated and the cannula assembly pulled proximaliy against the incision while the bolster is slid distally to the body wall and locked in place to seal the incision with the compressed balloon
摘要翻译：气球套管针包括插管组件，其包括套管和套管上套管的外套管。外套筒的远端靠近套管的远端。气囊联接到套管的远端部分和套管的远端部分。套管的外表面包括用于将气体或流体传送到球囊的多个纵向通道。在其远端部分具有凝胶垫的枕头可滑动地安装到插管组件并且可以被锁定在期望的位置。在使用中，套针针被插入穿过体壁的切口并进入体腔。气囊被充气，并且插管组件相对于切口被拉近，而垫子滑动远离身体壁并锁定到位以用压缩气囊密封切口

6. 发明申请

WO2012045095A1 ELECTROSURGICAL INSTRUMENTS WITH JAWS AND/OR AN ELECTRODE AND AMPLIFIERS FOR ELECTROSURGERY 审中-公开
标题翻译：带有电子和/或电极和电极放大器的静电仪器
公开(公告)号：WO2012045095A1
公开(公告)日：2012-04-05
申请号：PCT/US2011/054661
申请日：2011-10-03
申请人： APPLIED MEDICAL RESOURCES CORPORATION , BRUSTAD, John, R. , FALKENSTEIN, Zoran , LINVILLE-ENGLER, Benjamin , WIXEY, Matthew, A. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , ELLIOTT, Patrick
发明人： BRUSTAD, John, R. , FALKENSTEIN, Zoran , LINVILLE-ENGLER, Benjamin , WIXEY, Matthew, A. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , ELLIOTT, Patrick
IPC分类号： A61B18/12 , A61B18/14
CPC分类号： A61B18/1445 , A61B2017/2903 , A61B2017/2932 , A61B2018/00178 , A61B2018/00196 , A61B2018/00601 , A61B2018/00607 , A61B2018/0063 , A61B2018/00642 , A61B2018/00708 , A61B2018/00827 , A61B2018/00869 , A61B2018/00892 , A61B2018/1412 , A61B2018/1432
摘要： An electrosurgical instrument includes jaws (102, 104) having an electrode configuration (103a, 103b, 105b) utilized to electrically modify tissue in contact with one or more electrodes. The instrument is removably connectable to an electrosurgical unit via an electrosurgical connector extending from the instrument and a receptacle on the electrosurgical unit. The electrosurgical instrument is rotatable without disrupting the electrical connection to the electrodes of the jaws. One or more of the electrodes is retractable. The electrosurgical unit and instrument optimally seals and/or cuts tissue based on identifying the tissue and monitoring the modification of the tissue by the application of radio frequency energy.
摘要翻译：电外科器械包括具有电极构造（103a，103b，105b）的钳口（102,104），用于电修改与一个或多个电极接触的组织。仪器通过从仪器延伸的电外科连接器和电外科单元上的插座可拆卸地连接到电外科单元。电外科器械是可旋转的，而不破坏与钳口电极的电连接。一个或多个电极是可缩回的。电外科单元和仪器基于识别组织并通过应用射频能量监测组织的修改来最佳地密封和/或切割组织。

7. 发明申请

WO2011026124A1 MULTIFUNCTIONAL SURGICAL ACCESS SYSTEM 审中-公开
标题翻译：多功能外科手术系统
公开(公告)号：WO2011026124A1
公开(公告)日：2011-03-03
申请号：PCT/US2010/047368
申请日：2010-08-31
申请人： APPLIED MEDICAL RESOURCES CORPORATION , ALBRECHT, Jeremy, J. , NGUYEN, Eric , BECERRA, Matthew, M. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , BRUSTAD, John, R. , SAKAKINE, Ghassan
发明人： ALBRECHT, Jeremy, J. , NGUYEN, Eric , BECERRA, Matthew, M. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , BRUSTAD, John, R. , SAKAKINE, Ghassan
IPC分类号： A61B17/34 , A61B17/02 , A61B19/00
CPC分类号： A61B17/3423 , A61B17/0218 , A61B17/3431 , A61B17/3494 , A61B17/3496 , A61B2090/0801
摘要： A surgical access system comprises a wound retractor comprising an outer anchor, an inner anchor, and a flexible, tubular sheath extending therebetween. Embodiments of the outer anchor comprise an outer ring rotatable around an annular axis thereof, thereby rolling the sheath therearound when retracting an incision or opening in a body wall. The sheath comprises a plurality of fibers or strands that improve the abrasion and puncture resistance thereof. Consequently, the surgical access system is useful in procedures in which damage to the sheath is likely, for example, orthopedic hip replacement, and spinal procedures. In some embodiments, the sheath tapers from the outer ring to the inner ring.
摘要翻译：外科进入系统包括缠绕牵开器，其包括在其间延伸的外部锚固件，内部锚固件和柔性管状护套。外部锚固件的实施例包括可围绕其环形轴线旋转的外环，从而当缩回体壁中的切口或开口时在其周围滚动护套。护套包括提高其耐磨性和耐刺穿性的多个纤维或股线。因此，外科手术进入系统可用于其中可能损伤皮肤的程序，例如矫形髋关节置换术和脊柱手术。在一些实施例中，护套从外环逐渐变细到内圈。

8. 发明申请

WO2009094476A1 SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCESS DEVICE 审中-公开
标题翻译：手术仪器接入装置
公开(公告)号：WO2009094476A1
公开(公告)日：2009-07-30
申请号：PCT/US2009/031724
申请日：2009-01-22
申请人： APPLIED MEDICAL RESOURCES CORPORATION , ALBRECHT, Jeremy, J. , LECHUGA, Juan, J. , BECERRA, Matthew, M. , GADBERRY, Donald, L. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , BRUSTAD, John, R.
发明人： ALBRECHT, Jeremy, J. , LECHUGA, Juan, J. , BECERRA, Matthew, M. , GADBERRY, Donald, L. , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , BRUSTAD, John, R.
IPC分类号： A61M5/14
CPC分类号： A61B1/32 , A61B17/0293 , A61B17/3417 , A61B17/3423 , A61B17/3462 , A61B2017/3449 , A61B2017/345 , A61B2017/3452 , A61B2017/3454 , A61B2017/3466
摘要： Embodiments of an access device system useful for single or limited port procedures comprises a retractor and a gel cap removably coupled to the retractor. The gel cap comprises a gel pad that acts as an artificial body wall, through which instruments may be inserted into a body cavity, either directly or through one or more trocars. The gel pad permits flexible instrument placement, as well as translational and angular degrees of freedom for the instruments while maintaining a gas tight seal.
摘要翻译：用于单个或有限端口程序的接入设备系统的实施例包括可拆卸地联接到牵开器的牵开器和凝胶帽。凝胶帽包括用作人造体壁的凝胶垫，仪器可以直接或通过一个或多个套管针插入体腔。凝胶垫允许灵活的仪器放置，以及仪器的平移和角度自由度，同时保持气密密封。

9. 发明申请

WO2007106750A2 BALLOON TROCAR 审中-公开
标题翻译：巴洛克TROCAR
公开(公告)号：WO2007106750A2
公开(公告)日：2007-09-20
申请号：PCT/US2007/063728
申请日：2007-03-09
申请人： APPLIED MEDICAL RESOURCES CORPORATION , ALBRECHT, Jeremy, J. , AU, Gigi , NGUYEN, Eric , GADBERRY, Donald, L. , BRUSTAD, John, R. , HART, Charles, C. , JOHNSON, Gary, M.
发明人： ALBRECHT, Jeremy, J. , AU, Gigi , NGUYEN, Eric , GADBERRY, Donald, L. , BRUSTAD, John, R. , HART, Charles, C. , JOHNSON, Gary, M.
IPC分类号： A61B17/34 , A61B17/00 , A61B17/02
CPC分类号： A61B17/3417 , A61B17/0218 , A61B17/3415 , A61B17/3421 , A61B17/3423 , A61B17/3498 , A61B2017/00477 , A61B2017/00557 , A61B2017/22051 , A61B2017/3419 , A61B2017/3433 , A61B2017/3445 , A61B2017/347 , A61B2017/3486 , A61B2017/3488 , A61B2017/349 , A61J15/0053 , A61M25/04 , A61M39/0247 , A61M39/06 , A61M2039/0261 , A61M2039/0273 , A61M2039/0279 , A61M2039/0294 , A61M2039/062 , A61M2039/0626 , A61M2039/0686
摘要： A balloon trocar includes a cannula assembly including a cannula and an outer sleeve fitting over the cannula The distal end of the outer sleeve is proximal to the distal end of the cannula. A balloon is coupled to a distal portion of the sleeve and a distal portion of the cannula. The outer surface of the cannula includes a plurality of longitudinal channels for transmitting gas or fluid to the balloon. A bolster having a gel pad at its distal portion is slidably mounted to the cannula assembly and may be locked in a desired position. In use, the trocar is inserted into an incision through a body wall and into a body cavity The balloon is inflated and the cannula assembly pulled proximally against the incision while the bolster is slid distally to the body wall and locked in place to seal the incision with the compressed balloon.
摘要翻译：球囊套管针包括套管组件，其包括插管和套管上的外套筒。外套管的远端靠近套管的远端。气囊联接到套管的远端部分和套管的远端部分。套管的外表面包括用于将气体或流体传送到球囊的多个纵向通道。在其远端部分具有凝胶垫的枕头可滑动地安装到套管组件上并且可以锁定在期望的位置。在使用中，套针针通过体壁插入到切口中并进入体腔。气囊膨胀，并且套管组件向近侧拉近抵靠切口，同时将垫片向远侧滑动到体壁并锁定到位以密封切口与压缩气球。

10. 发明申请

WO2005094702A1 SURGICAL ACCESS PORT AND METHOD OF USING 审中-公开
标题翻译：手术通道和使用方法
公开(公告)号：WO2005094702A1
公开(公告)日：2005-10-13
申请号：PCT/US2005/006763
申请日：2005-03-02
申请人： APPLIED MEDICAL RESOURCES CORPORATION , JOHNSON, Gary, M. , BRUSTAD, John, R. , HART, Charles, C.
发明人： JOHNSON, Gary, M. , BRUSTAD, John, R. , HART, Charles, C.
IPC分类号： A61B17/34
CPC分类号： A61B17/3417 , A61B17/34 , A61B2017/00473 , A61B2017/3482 , A61B2017/3484 , A61M39/02
摘要： The present invention relates to a surgical access port for insertion into a body cavity having an elongate tubular body extending along an axis between a proximal end and a distal end, and a tip disposed at the distal end of the tubular body for penetrating through a body wall and into the body cavity. The distal tip operates to move from a first, penetrating position to a second, retaining position when the body wall has been traversed. The surgical access port may further comprise a seal housing operably connected to the proximal end of the tubular body, the seal housing having an access port providing an opening into the tubular body to allow passage of surgical instruments. The distal tip may be sharp, pointed or faded. The distal tip may also be substantially blunt or have a conical surface. The access port may further comprise a retention member for connecting the tubular body and the distal tip. The retention member may be biased t~ hold the distal tip in an off-axis position when there is no axial load, or it may be lightly held in axial alignment and subsequently deflected in the presence of an instrument within the tubular body. The distal tip, which may comprise one or more parts or petals, may reposition to the side of the tubular body in a substantially right-angled condition in the second, retaining position. The repositioned tip remains in an off-axis condition until removal of the access port, at which time the distal tip automatically realigns with the axis of the tubular body as the access @>rt is withdrawn from the body wall. The tubular body may be a thin walled tube. The distal tip may comprise a conical, tapered or rounded shape to separate tissue layers. The distal tip may be solid or hollow, which may act as a specimen bag by closing on a specimen and pulled inside the tip during removal of the access @>rt. The distal tip may be formed from a clear material to allow viewing through an endoscope during placement of the surgical access @>rt.
摘要翻译：本发明涉及一种用于插入体腔内的外科进入口，其具有沿着近端和远端之间的轴线延伸的细长管状体，以及设置在管状体的远端处以穿透身体的尖端墙体进入体腔。当身体壁已经穿过时，远侧末端操作以从第一穿透位置移动到第二保持位置。外科进入口还可以包括可操作地连接到管状体的近端的密封外壳，密封壳体具有进入端口，该进入口提供到管状体中的开口以允许手术器械通过。远侧尖端可能是锋利的，尖的或褪色的。远侧末端也可以是基本上钝的或具有锥形表面。进入端口还可以包括用于连接管状体和远侧末端的保持构件。当不存在轴向负载时，保持构件可以被偏压保持远离位置，或者可以轻轻地保持轴向对准并随后在管状体内存在仪器的情况下偏转。可以包括一个或多个部分或瓣的远侧末端可以在第二保持位置中以基本上直角的状态重新定位到管状体的侧面。重新定位的尖端保持在离轴状态，直到移除进入端口，此时当远端从体壁撤出时，远端尖端与管状体的轴线自动重新对准。管状体可以是薄壁管。远侧末端可以包括锥形，锥形或圆形以分离组织层。远侧末端可以是实心的或中空的，其可以通过在样本移除期间关闭样本并在尖端内拉动而用作样本袋。远侧末端可以由透明材料形成，以允许在放置外科手术入口期间通过内窥镜观察。

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