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1. 发明授权

US5929808A System and method for the acquisition of a non-geosynchronous satellite signal 失效
标题翻译：用于获取非地球同步卫星信号的系统和方法
公开(公告)号：US5929808A
公开(公告)日：1999-07-27
申请号：US949989
申请日：1997-10-14
申请人： Amer A. Hassan , Sami M. Hinedi , James R. Miller
发明人： Amer A. Hassan , Sami M. Hinedi , James R. Miller
IPC分类号： H01Q1/12 , H01Q3/08 , H01Q21/22 , H01Q3/00
CPC分类号： H01Q1/1257 , H01Q21/22 , H01Q3/08
摘要： An antenna having multiple antenna elements that are selectively activated performs an initial acquisition of a satellite signal by activating only a few of the antenna elements. This results in a broad beam width and increases the likelihood of detecting the signal from the satellite. When the satellite signal is initially detected, the system increases the number of active elements to narrow the beam width. The system incrementally increases the number of active antenna elements until the detected signal from the satellite exceeds a predetermined threshold. At that point, the location of the satellite may be precisely determined and all antenna elements activated to lock onto the satellite signal. If the antenna loses acquisition of the satellite signal, the reverse process may be implemented whereby some elements are selectively deactivated to broaden the beam width of the antenna in an effort to reacquire the satellite signal. When the satellite signal is reacquired, the antenna elements are incrementally reactivated until all antenna elements are active.
摘要翻译：具有选择性激活的多个天线元件的天线通过仅激活几个天线元件来执行卫星信号的初始采集。这导致宽的波束宽度并且增加了检测来自卫星的信号的可能性。当最初检测到卫星信号时，系统增加有源元件的数量以使波束宽度变窄。系统逐渐增加有源天线元件的数量，直到来自卫星的检测信号超过预定阈值。此时，可以精确地确定卫星的位置，并激活所有天线元件以锁定到卫星信号上。如果天线失去对卫星信号的采集，则可以实现相反的过程，从而一些元件被选择性地去激活以扩大天线的波束宽度，以努力重新获取卫星信号。当重新获取卫星信号时，天线元件被递增地重新激活，直到所有天线元件都被激活。

2. 发明授权

US5905466A Terrestrial antennas for satellite communication system 失效
标题翻译：卫星通信系统的地面天线
公开(公告)号：US5905466A
公开(公告)日：1999-05-18
申请号：US889409
申请日：1997-07-08
申请人： Asu Ram Jha
发明人： Asu Ram Jha
IPC分类号： H01Q1/24 , H01Q21/06 , H01Q21/20 , H04B7/185 , H01Q1/38
CPC分类号： H01Q21/065 , H01Q1/242 , H01Q1/244 , H01Q21/205 , H04B7/18571
摘要： Terrestrial antennas (10A, 10B, 10C and 10D) which are capable of transmitting and receiving radio signals directly to and from satellites in low Earth orbit are disclosed. The preferred embodiment of the invention employs circularly polarized, dual-frequency printed circuit antenna elements (136) measuring only a fraction of an inch in diameter. One embodiment (10A) includes an elevation array and an azimuth array which both reside on a trapezoidal, semi-conical housing that resembles a flattened pyramid. Both the top and the curved exterior of the pyramid support circular, slotted, printed circuit patches on their surfaces which bound individual radiating antenna elements (18). Since the entire antenna is only a few inches in diameter and is less than two inches high, it can be incorporated as an integral element of a telephone (T) or can be mounted at the end of a collapsible mast (CM). Other embodiments (10B, 10C, and 10D) of the invention employ hemispherical, cylindrical, and truncated hemispherical configurations. These unique antennas permit direct communication with satellites in low Earth orbit using the 20 and 30 GHz frequency bands. The antennas (10A, 10B, 10C and 10D) and their associated circuitry are sufficiently powerful to provide dependable service virtually anywhere on land, sea or in the air.
摘要翻译：公开了能够直接向低地球轨道卫星发送和接收无线电信号的地面天线（10A，10B，10C和10D）。本发明的优选实施例采用仅测量直径一英寸的圆偏振双频印刷电路天线元件（136）。一个实施例（10A）包括仰角阵列和方位阵列，它们都位于类似于扁平金字塔的梯形半圆形壳体上。金字塔的顶部和弯曲的外部都在其表面上支撑圆形的，开槽的印刷电路板，其结合了各个辐射天线元件（18）。由于整个天线的直径只有几英寸，小于2英寸高，所以它可以作为电话（T）的一个整体元件并入，或者可以安装在可折叠桅杆（CM）的末端。本发明的其它实施例（10B，10C和10D）采用半球形，圆柱形和截头半球形结构。这些独特的天线允许使用20和30 GHz频带与低地球轨道的卫星进行直接通信。天线（10A，10B，10C和10D）及其相关电路足够强大，可在陆地，海上或空中几乎任何地方提供可靠的服务。

3. 发明申请

US20070058656A1 Method of data transmission in a data communication network 有权
标题翻译：数据通信网络中的数据传输方法
公开(公告)号：US20070058656A1
公开(公告)日：2007-03-15
申请号：US11503533
申请日：2006-08-11
申请人： Noah Breslow , Nathan Boyd , Greg Torluemke
发明人： Noah Breslow , Nathan Boyd , Greg Torluemke
IPC分类号： H04J3/16
CPC分类号： H04L47/824 , H04B7/18584 , H04L47/15 , H04L47/70 , H04L47/826
摘要： A method of data transmission in a data communication network includes negotiating a connection between a source terminal and a destination terminal in the data communication network. During the connection negotiation process, optimal field lengths are determined for recording a source identifier and a sequence number in data packets transmitted in the connection. The source identifier identifies a connection from the source end to the destination end of the data transmission, while the sequence number identifies the relative position of a data packet in a series of data packets transmitted in the connection. The length of the source identifier and sequence number fields may either be calculated or selected from a set of predetermined field length values. Data packets formatted according, to different transmission protocols (“secondary data packets”) that are received for transmission through the data communication network are packed into one or more “primary data packets” formatted according to the transmission protocol of the data communication network. In addition to a source identifier and sequence number, the primary data packets include a first packet offset to identify the location of a first new secondary data packet that is packed into the primary data packet. A first packet offset field length is determined during connection negotiation. The data transmission method of the invention includes packing one or more secondary data packets, or a portion thereof, in a primary data packet to fill the primary data packet, thus minimizing unused data bits in the primary data packet. After transmission, the primary data packets are reordered, if necessary, and the secondary data packets are unpacked therefrom.
摘要翻译：数据通信网络中的数据传输方法包括协商数据通信网络中的源终端与目的终端之间的连接。在连接协商过程中，确定用于在连接中发送的数据分组中记录源标识符和序列号的最佳字段长度。源标识符识别从数据传输的源端到目的地端的连接，而序列号标识在连接中发送的一系列数据分组中的数据分组的相对位置。源标识符和序列号字段的长度可以从一组预定字段长度值中计算或选择。根据根据数据通信网络的传输协议格式化的一个或多个“主要数据分组”，将被接收用于通过数据通信网络传输的不同传输协议（“次要数据分组”）格式化的数据分组被打包。除了源标识符和序列号之外，主数据分组包括第一分组偏移量，以标识被打包到主数据分组中的第一新辅助数据分组的位置。在连接协商期间确定第一分组偏移字段长度。本发明的数据传输方法包括将一个或多个次数据分组或其一部分打包在主数据分组中以填充主数据分组，从而最小化主数据分组中的未使用的数据比特。在传输之后，如果需要，主数据分组被重新排序，并且次数据分组从其解包。

4. 发明授权

US6127967A Low-earth orbit satellite acquisition and synchronization system using a beacon signal 有权
标题翻译：使用信标信号的低地球轨道卫星采集和同步系统
公开(公告)号：US6127967A
公开(公告)日：2000-10-03
申请号：US356061
申请日：1999-07-19
申请人： Farzad Ghazvinian , Mark A. Sturza , Sami M. Hinedi , Shiva S. Sarrafan , Biren N. Shah
发明人： Farzad Ghazvinian , Mark A. Sturza , Sami M. Hinedi , Shiva S. Sarrafan , Biren N. Shah
IPC分类号： H04B7/185 , H04B7/204 , H04B7/212 , H04B7/19
CPC分类号： H04B7/2041 , H04B7/18532 , H04B7/2125
摘要： A system for acquiring the beacon of a satellite and synchronizing data transmission between the satellite and a ground terminal is disclosed. The ground terminal conducts a search for a satellite to be acquired. The search may be based on previously developed information from which the location of the satellite can be predicted and, thus, limited to a small area of the sky, or cover a large area of the sky in accordance with a search routine. After the beacon of a satellite is acquired, the geographic area served by the satellite is determined. If the satellite does not serve the cell within which the ground terminal is located, a further satellite search is conducted, which may be based in part on information contained in the beacon of the acquired satellite. After the satellite serving the cell containing the ground terminal is acquired, a test is made to determine how long the satellite will continue to cover the cell. If the time period is short, communication waits until the next satellite to cover the cell is acquired. If the time period is long, communication is allowed to begin. The beacon is also used by the ground terminal to: (i) accurately time uplink data transmissions; (ii) estimate uplink Doppler, Doppler rate, and Doppler rate derivative and use this information to pre-compensate the carrier frequency of the uplink data transmissions for Doppler variations; and (iii) estimate the carrier frequency of downlink data transmission(s) by continuously tracking the beacon carrier frequency and scaling the result by a suitable scaling factor.
摘要翻译：公开了一种用于获取卫星信标并同步卫星与接地终端之间的数据传输的系统。地面终端搜索要获取的卫星。搜索可以基于先前发展的信息，从该信息可以预测卫星的位置，并且因此限于天空的小区域，或者根据搜索程序覆盖大面积的天空。在获取卫星的信标之后，确定由卫星服务的地理区域。如果卫星不服务于接地终端所处的小区，则进一步进行卫星搜索，这可以部分地基于包含在所获取的卫星的信标中的信息。在收到包含接地终端的小区的卫星服务之后，进行测试以确定卫星将继续覆盖小区多长时间。如果时间段短，通信将等待直到获取覆盖小区的下一颗卫星。如果时间长，可以开始通信。该信标也被接地终端用于：（i）准确地时间上行数据传输; （ii）估计上行多普勒，多普勒频率和多普勒频率导数，并使用该信息预先补偿用于多普勒变化的上行数据传输的载波频率; 和（iii）通过连续地跟踪信标载波频率并按照适当的缩放因子缩放结果来估计下行链路数据传输的载波频率。

5. 发明授权

US6084864A Traffic routing for satellite communication system 失效
公开(公告)号：US6084864A
公开(公告)日：2000-07-04
申请号：US960487
申请日：1997-10-29
申请人： Moshe L. Liron
发明人： Moshe L. Liron
IPC分类号： H01Q1/24 , H01Q1/28 , H01Q3/24 , H01Q3/26 , H01Q5/00 , H01Q15/02 , H01Q21/06 , H04B7/185
CPC分类号： H04B7/18589 , H01Q1/242 , H01Q1/244 , H01Q1/288 , H01Q15/02 , H01Q21/065 , H01Q3/24 , H01Q3/242 , H01Q3/2605 , H04B7/18584
摘要： Methods and apparatus which route, control and manage traffic throughout a Satellite Communication System operating in low Earth orbit are disclosed. Voice, video and data traffic from terrestrial gateways (G) and from portable (P), mobile (M) or fixed (F) terminals are directed up through the constellation of satellites (S) and back down to destinations on Earth. The satellites provide continuous worldwide communication services while insuring uniform end-to-end transmission delays. The satellite network is highly adaptive to the constantly changing network topology, and will offer a synchronous circuit switched communication service that provides sequential delivery of user data, regardless of the type of the data transmitted. The network employs datagram switching, as opposed to conventional virtual circuit switching techniques. Packets associated with a single phone call do not necessarily travel along the same route, and consequently arrive at their common destinations at different times with a variable transmission delay. Packets (26) received from a portable (P), mobile (M) or fixed (F) terminal, from a satellite (S), or from a stationary gateway (G) are dispatched from an origin node (OUR.sub.-- NODE) to a destination node (DEST.sub.-- NODE) according to address instructions carried in the packet header (28). At each node, propagation delay vectors OUR.sub.-- DELAY.sub.-- EST [DEST.sub.-- NODE, ] are calculated using local computers. These delay vectors estimate a time delay which the packet (26) encounters in traveling from the origin node (OUR.sub.-- NODE) to the destination node (DEST.sub.-- NODE). An optimal route (opt.sub.-- link) is then selected from the set of calculated delay vectors, and the packet (26) is routed to the destination node (DEST.sub.-- NODE) via the pathway (opt.sub.-- link) that insures both the lowest end-to-end delay and the best overall traffic management of the network.

6. 发明授权

US5930254A Non-blocking dynamic fast packet switch for satellite communication system 失效
标题翻译：卫星通信系统的非阻塞动态快速分组交换机
公开(公告)号：US5930254A
公开(公告)日：1999-07-27
申请号：US950971
申请日：1997-10-15
申请人： Moshe L. Liron , David Palmer Patterson
发明人： Moshe L. Liron , David Palmer Patterson
IPC分类号： H04B7/185 , H04L12/56 , H04Q11/04
CPC分类号： H04L12/5601 , H04B7/18586 , H04B7/18589 , H04L45/00 , H04L49/1576 , H04L49/25 , H04L49/309 , H04Q11/0478 , H04L2012/5608 , H04L2012/5651 , H04L2012/5652 , H04L2012/5681 , H04L49/101 , H04L49/1515 , H04L49/205 , H04L49/30 , H04L49/3009 , H04W40/20
摘要： The present invention overcomes the limitations encountered by conventional packet switching using virtual circuits. The present invention utilizes a "datagram" approach that routes every packet (22) conveyed by the system independently at every node in the network. The packets (22) are directed along an optimized pathway through the network by a fast packet switch (38) that directs traffic based on instructions from an adaptive routing processor (12A) that continuously runs an adaptive routing software (12B). This adaptive routing processor (14) supplies an output (12C) to a routing cache memory (20) which stores fast packet switch routing port output tags (30). An input packet processor (28) extracts a supercell address from the header (24) of each packet (22) and uses the supercell address (21A) as an index to retrieve a fast packet switch output port tag (30) stored in the routing cache memory (20). This tag (30) is prepended to the packet (22), and sent to an input port (36) of the fast packet switch (38), which includes a number of multi-stage self-routing switch modules (132) and a number of asynchronous packet multiplexors (134). The modules (132) and multiplexors (134) route the tagged packet (34) to an output port (40) which is connected either to a scanning beam antenna (SBA) or an intersatellite link antenna (ISA).
摘要翻译：本发明克服了使用虚拟电路的传统分组交换所遇到的限制。本发明利用一种“数据报”方式，在网络中的每个节点处独立地路由由系统传送的每个分组（22）。分组（22）沿着通过网络的优化路径通过快速分组交换机（38）引导，所述快速分组交换机基于来自连续运行自适应路由选择软件（12B）的自适应路由处理器（12A）的指令来指导业务。该自适应路由处理器（14）将输出（12C）提供给存储快速分组交换路由端口输出标签（30）的路由高速缓冲存储器（20）。输入分组处理器（28）从每个分组（22）的报头（24）提取超小区地址，并使用超小区地址（21A）作为索引来检索存储在路由中的快速分组交换机输出端口标签（30）缓存存储器（20）。该标签（30）被预先分配给分组（22），并被发送到快速分组交换机（38）的输入端口（36），快速分组交换机（38）包括多个多阶段自路由交换机模块（132）和多个异步数据包多路复用器（134）。模块（132）和多路复用器（134）将标记的分组（34）路由到连接到扫描波束天线（SBA）或卫星间链路天线（ISA）的输出端口（40）。

7. 发明申请

US20030081609A1 Method of data transmission in a data communication network 有权
公开(公告)号：US20030081609A1
公开(公告)日：2003-05-01
申请号：US10314105
申请日：2002-12-06
申请人： Teledesic LLC
发明人： Noah Joseph Breslow , Nathan D.T. Boyd , Greg A. Torluemke
IPC分类号： H04L012/56
CPC分类号： H04L47/824 , H04B7/18584 , H04L47/15 , H04L47/70 , H04L47/826
摘要： A method of data transmission in a data communication network includes negotiating a connection between a source terminal and a destination terminal in the data communication network. During the connection negotiation process, optimal field lengths are determined for recording a source identifier and a sequence number in data packets transmitted in the connection. The source identifier identifies a connection from the source end to the destination end of the data transmission, while the sequence number identifies the relative position of a data packet in a series of data packets transmitted in the connection. The length of the source identifier and sequence number fields may either be calculated or selected from a set of predetermined field length values. Data packets formatted according to different transmission protocols (nullsecondary data packetsnull) that are received for transmission through the data communication network are packed into one or more nullprimary data packetsnull formatted according to the transmission protocol of the data communication network. In addition to a source identifier and sequence number, the primary data packets include a first packet offset to identify the location of a first new secondary data packet that is packed into the primary data packet. A first packet offset field length is determined during connection negotiation. The data transmission method of the invention includes packing one or more secondary data packets, or a portion thereof, in a primary data packet to fill the primary data packet, thus minimizing unused data bits in the primary data packet. After transmission, the primary data packets are reordered, if necessary, and the secondary data packets are unpacked therefrom.

8. 发明授权

US6157642A Coding system and method for low-earth orbit satellite data communication 失效
公开(公告)号：US6157642A
公开(公告)日：2000-12-05
申请号：US949412
申请日：1997-10-14
申请人： Mark A. Sturza , Farzad Ghazvinian , Sami M. Hinedi , Karl R. Griep , Samson Million
发明人： Mark A. Sturza , Farzad Ghazvinian , Sami M. Hinedi , Karl R. Griep , Samson Million
IPC分类号： H04B7/185 , H04L1/00 , H04B7/216 , H04L12/28
CPC分类号： H04L1/0065 , H04B7/18521 , H04L1/0053 , H04B7/1858 , H04L1/0068 , H04L1/0071
摘要： A data communication system for a constellation of low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites (13a, 13b, . . . ) that employ Earth-fixed cellular beam management technology is disclosed. The data to be communicated is formed into data packets by a transmitting ground terminal (41). Each data packet includes a header (41) and a payload (43). The header (41) contains address and other control information and the payload (43) contains the data to be communicated. The header and payload databits are separated (71) and outer forward error correction (FEC) encoded (72, 73) with an outer error correction code. The symbols of the outer encoded header and payload codewords are interleaved, first separately (74, 75) and then together (76). The outer encoded, interleaved header and payload codewords are inner encoded by an inner FEC encoder (77). Upon receipt by an uplink satellite (63), the inner error correction code is removed (87) and the resulting codeword symbols are de-interleaved (88, 89, 90). The outer error correction code of the header portion is then removed (91) to recover the header of the original signal. The information contained in the header is used to route the data packets through the satellite constellation to the appropriate downlink satellite (93). The downlink satellite re-outer encodes the header (95) and the symbols of the re-outer encoded header and the still outer encoded payload codewords are separately interleaved (96, 97) and then interleaved together (98). The interleaved re-outer encoded header and outer encoded payload databits are re-inner encoded (99). Upon receipt by a receiving ground terminal (107), the data packets are inner decoded (111) to remove the inner error correction code and the symbols of the header and payload codewords are de-interleaved (112, 113, 114). Then the header and payload codewords are outer decoded (115, 116) to remove the outer error correction codes and recover the header and payload. Preferably a payload filter (117) is included to eliminate the need to outer decode payload codewords not destined for the receiving ground terminal (107).

9. 发明授权

US6157621A Satellite communication system 失效
标题翻译：卫星通信系统
公开(公告)号：US6157621A
公开(公告)日：2000-12-05
申请号：US938015
申请日：1997-09-10
申请人： Alison K. Brown , Edward Fenton Tuck , David Palmer Patterson , Douglas Gene Lockie , Vilnis G. Grencions , Asu Ram Jha , Donald A. Ashford , Mark Alan Sturza , James R. Stuart , Moshe Lerner Liron , H. Beat Wackernagel, deceased
发明人： Alison K. Brown , Edward Fenton Tuck , David Palmer Patterson , Douglas Gene Lockie , Vilnis G. Grencions , Asu Ram Jha , Donald A. Ashford , Mark Alan Sturza , James R. Stuart , Moshe Lerner Liron , H. Beat Wackernagel, deceased
IPC分类号： H01Q1/24 , H01Q1/28 , H01Q3/24 , H01Q3/26 , H01Q5/00 , H01Q5/42 , H01Q15/02 , H01Q21/06 , H01Q25/00 , H04B7/185 , H04L12/28 , H04J3/24
CPC分类号： H04B7/18584 , H01Q1/242 , H01Q1/244 , H01Q1/288 , H01Q15/02 , H01Q21/065 , H01Q25/008 , H01Q3/24 , H01Q3/242 , H01Q3/2605 , H01Q5/42
摘要： The Satellite Communication System disclosed in the specification is a dynamic constellation (C) of satellites (S). The present invention is capable of offering continuous voice, data and video service to customers across the globe on the land, on the sea, or in the air. The preferred embodiment of the invention comprises a low Earth orbit satellite system that includes 40 spacecraft (S) traveling in each of 21 orbital planes at an altitude of 700 km (435 miles). This relatively large number of satellites employed by the preferred embodiment was selected to provide continuous coverage of the Earth's surface at a high minimum mask angle (1230a) of forty degrees. Each of the individual 840 spacecraft (S) functions as an independent sovereign switch of equal rank which knows the position of its neighbors, and independently handles traffic without ground control. The satellites (S) are capable of transporting calls to millions of customers using portable (P), mobile (M) and fixed (F) residential and business terminals, and gateways (G) to public phone networks. The constellation uses the 20 and 30 GHz frequency bands for communications between Earth and the constellation (C), and the 60 GHz band for communicating among the satellites (S). The present invention is designed to support in excess of 2,000,000 simultaneous connections, representing over 20,000,000 users at typical business usage levels, and over 350 billion minutes of use per year. Only a system such as the preferred embodiment, which utilizes 840 satellites at a preferred minimum mask angle of forty degrees, can accomplish these challenging objectives.
摘要翻译：本说明书中公开的卫星通信系统是卫星（S）的动态星座（C）。本发明能够在陆地，海上或空中的全球各地的客户提供连续的语音，数据和视频服务。本发明的优选实施例包括低地球轨道卫星系统，其包括在高度为700公里（435英里）的21个轨道平面中的每一个中行进的40个航天器（S）。选择由较佳实施例采用的相对较多数量的卫星以40度的最小掩模角度（1230a）提供对地球表面的连续覆盖。每个840飞船（S）作为独立的主权交换机，具有相等的等级，它知道其邻居的位置，并且独立地处理没有地面控制的交通。卫星（S）能够使用便携式（P），移动（M）和固定（F）住宅和商业终端以及网关（G）向公众电话网络传送数百万客户的呼叫。星座使用20和30 GHz频带进行地球和星座（C）之间的通信，以及60 GHz频段用于在卫星（S）之间进行通信。本发明旨在支持超过2,000,000个并发连接，在典型业务使用水平上代表超过20,000,000个用户，并且每年使用超过350亿分钟。只有采用840个优选最小掩模角度为40度的卫星的优选实施例的系统可以实现这些具有挑战性的目标。

10. 发明申请

US20030050008A1 Scalable satellite data communication system that provides incremental global broadband service using earth-fixed cells 失效
标题翻译：可扩展的卫星数据通信系统，使用地球固定小区提供增量式全球宽带业务
公开(公告)号：US20030050008A1
公开(公告)日：2003-03-13
申请号：US10113840
申请日：2002-03-29
申请人： Teledesic LLC.
发明人： David P. Patterson , Farzad Ghazvinian , Sami Hinedi , Leonard Quadracci , Mark A. Sturza
IPC分类号： H04B007/185
CPC分类号： H04B7/18578
摘要： A scalable satellite data communication system that provides incremental global broadband services using Earth-fixed cells may begin with a limited satellite deployment that initially serves a limited number of Earth-fixed cells. The system has the flexibility to incrementally increase the number of Earth-fixed cells that are served, with minimal constraints on the relative locations of the cells on the Earth, by adding satellites of potentially greater complexity to the system. Backward compatibility with existing user terminals is achieved by maintaining the same satellite communication interface as with the already-deployed satellite constellation. Continuous and/or non-continuous service may be provided to selected Earth-fixed cells. Scheduled non-continuous service is particularly advantageous for bulk data transport services. Satellites may use simple mechanically-steered antennas. Communication links may be handed from one satellite to another when one satellite moves out of range and is no longer able to cover a selected Earth-fixed cell.
摘要翻译：使用地球固定小区提供增量全球宽带服务的可扩展卫星数据通信系统可以从最初服务于有限数量的地球固定小区的有限卫星部署开始。通过在系统中添加可能更大复杂度的卫星，该系统可以灵活地增加对所服务的地球固定小区的数量，对地球上的小区的相对位置的最小限制。通过保持与已经部署的卫星星座相同的卫星通信接口来实现与现有用户终端的向后兼容性。连续和/或非连续服务可以提供给选定的地球固定单元。计划的非连续服务对于批量数据传输服务特别有利。卫星可以使用简单的机械导向天线。当一颗卫星移出超出范围并且不再能够覆盖选定的地球固定小区时，通信链路可以从一颗卫星传送到另一颗卫星。

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