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1. 发明授权

US08307192B2 System and method for improving memory locality of virtual machines 有权
标题翻译：提高虚拟机内存局部性的系统和方法
公开(公告)号：US08307192B2
公开(公告)日：2012-11-06
申请号：US13271024
申请日：2011-10-11
申请人： Vivek Pandey , Ole Agesen , Alexander Thomas Garthwaite , Carl A. Waldspurger , Rajesh Venkatasubramanian
发明人： Vivek Pandey , Ole Agesen , Alexander Thomas Garthwaite , Carl A. Waldspurger , Rajesh Venkatasubramanian
IPC分类号： G06F9/26 , G06F9/34 , G06F13/00 , G06F13/28 , G06F9/46 , G06F15/16
CPC分类号： G06F9/5033 , G06F9/45558 , G06F9/4856 , G06F2009/4557
摘要： A system and related method of operation for migrating the memory of a virtual machine from one NUMA node to another. Once the VM is migrated to a new node, migration of memory pages is performed while giving priority to the most utilized pages, so that access to these pages becomes local as soon as possible. Various heuristics are described to enable different implementations for different situations or scenarios.
摘要翻译：将虚拟机的存储器从一个NUMA节点迁移到另一个NUMA节点的系统和相关操作方法。一旦将VM迁移到新节点，就会在优先使用最多的页面的同时执行内存页面的迁移，以便尽快访问这些页面。描述了各种启发式方法，以实现不同情况或场景的不同实现。

2. 发明授权

US09135171B2 Method for improving save and restore performance in virtual machine systems 有权
标题翻译：改进虚拟机系统中保存和恢复性能的方法
公开(公告)号：US09135171B2
公开(公告)日：2015-09-15
申请号：US12834962
申请日：2010-07-13
申请人： Yury Baskakov , Alexander Thomas Garthwaite , Jesse Pool , Carl A. Waldspurger , Rajesh Venkatasubramanian , Ishan Banerjee
发明人： Yury Baskakov , Alexander Thomas Garthwaite , Jesse Pool , Carl A. Waldspurger , Rajesh Venkatasubramanian , Ishan Banerjee
IPC分类号： G06F12/00 , G06F12/08 , G06F11/14 , G06F12/10 , G06F9/455
CPC分类号： G06F12/08 , G06F11/1448 , G06F12/10 , G06F2009/45583 , G06F2212/151 , G06F2212/401 , G06F2221/0782
摘要： Page data of a virtual machine is represented for efficient save and restore operations. One form of representation applies to each page with an easily identifiable pattern. The page is described, saved, and restored in terms of metadata reflective of the pattern rather than a complete page of data reflecting the pattern. During a save or restore operation, however, the metadata of the page is represented, but not the page data. Another form of representation applies to each page sharing a canonical instance of a complex pattern that is instantiated in memory during execution, and explicitly saved and restored. Each page sharing the canonical page is saved and restored as a metadata reference, without the need to actually save redundant copies of the page data.
摘要翻译：虚拟机的页面数据被表示为有效的保存和恢复操作。一种形式的表示适用于每个页面，具有容易识别的模式。根据反映模式的元数据来描述，保存和恢复页面，而不是反映模式的完整数据页面。然而，在保存或恢复操作期间，表示页面的元数据，而不是页面数据。另一种形式的表示适用于共享在执行期间在内存中实例化的复杂模式的规范实例的每个页面，并显式地保存和恢复。共享规范页面的每个页面将作为元数据引用进行保存和恢复，而无需实际保存页面数据的冗余副本。

3. 发明授权

US08694728B2 Efficient online construction of miss rate curves 有权
标题翻译：有效率在线构建失误率曲线
公开(公告)号：US08694728B2
公开(公告)日：2014-04-08
申请号：US12942765
申请日：2010-11-09
申请人： Carl A. Waldspurger , Rajesh Venkatasubramanian , Alexander Thomas Garthwaite , Yury Baskakov , Puneet Zaroo
发明人： Carl A. Waldspurger , Rajesh Venkatasubramanian , Alexander Thomas Garthwaite , Yury Baskakov , Puneet Zaroo
IPC分类号： G06F12/00
CPC分类号： G06F12/122 , G06F9/45558 , G06F11/3471 , G06F12/123 , G06F2009/45583 , G06F2201/815 , G06F2201/88
摘要： Miss rate curves are constructed in a resource-efficient manner so that they can be constructed and memory management decisions can be made while the workloads are running. The resource-efficient technique includes the steps of selecting a subset of memory pages for the workload, maintaining a least recently used (LRU) data structure for the selected memory pages, detecting accesses to the selected memory pages and updating the LRU data structure in response to the detected accesses, and generating data for constructing a miss-rate curve for the workload using the LRU data structure. After a memory page is accessed, the memory page may be left untraced for a period of time, after which the memory page is retraced.
摘要翻译：错误率曲线以资源有效的方式构建，以便可以构建它们，并且可以在工作负载运行时进行内存管理决策。资源有效的技术包括以下步骤：为工作负载选择存储器页面的子集，维护所选择的存储器页面的最近最少使用的（LRU）数据结构，检测对所选择的存储器页面的访问以及响应地更新LRU数据结构并且使用LRU数据结构生成用于构建工作负载的错过率曲线的数据。在访问存储器页面之后，存储器页面可以保持未被跟踪一段时间，之后再回读存储器页面。

4. 发明授权

US09032398B2 Online classification of memory pages based on activity level represented by one or more bits 有权
标题翻译：基于由一个或多个位表示的活动级别的内存页面的在线分类
公开(公告)号：US09032398B2
公开(公告)日：2015-05-12
申请号：US12834662
申请日：2010-07-12
申请人： Irfan Ahmad , Carl A. Waldspurger , Alexander Thomas Garthwaite , Kiran Tati , Pin Lu
发明人： Irfan Ahmad , Carl A. Waldspurger , Alexander Thomas Garthwaite , Kiran Tati , Pin Lu
IPC分类号： G06F21/00 , G06F12/00 , G06F12/08 , G06F12/10
CPC分类号： G06F12/08 , G06F12/10
摘要： Activity level of memory pages is classified in virtual machine environment, so that processes such as live VM migration and checkpointing, among others, can be carried out more efficiently. The method includes the steps of scanning page table entries of hypervisor-managed page tables continuously over repeating scan periods to determine whether memory pages have been accessed or not, and for each memory page, determining an activity level of the memory page based on whether the memory page has been accessed or not since a prior scan and storing the activity level of the memory page. The activity level of the memory page may be represented by one or more bits of its page table entry and may be classified as having at least two states ranging from hot to cold.
摘要翻译：内存页面的活动级别分为虚拟机环境，可以更有效地执行诸如虚拟机迁移和检查点之类的进程。该方法包括以下步骤：在重复的扫描周期上连续地扫描虚拟机管理程序管理的页表的页表条目，以确定是否已存取存储器页;以及对于每个存储器页，基于是否存储页，确定存储器页的活动级别存储器页面已被访问或不被访问，因为先前扫描并存储存储器页面的活动级别。存储器页面的活动级别可以由其页表项的一个或多个位表示，并且可以被分类为具有从热到冷的至少两个状态。

5. 发明授权

US07984304B1 Dynamic verification of validity of executable code 有权
标题翻译：动态验证可执行代码的有效性
公开(公告)号：US07984304B1
公开(公告)日：2011-07-19
申请号：US10791602
申请日：2004-03-02
申请人： Carl A. Waldspurger , Ole Agesen , Xiaoxin Chen , John R. Zedlewski , Tal Garfinkel
发明人： Carl A. Waldspurger , Ole Agesen , Xiaoxin Chen , John R. Zedlewski , Tal Garfinkel
IPC分类号： G06F11/30 , G06F12/14
CPC分类号： G06F21/565
摘要： Computer-executable instructions in a computer are verified dynamically, after they have been identified for submission for execution, but before they are actually executed. In particular, for at least one current instruction that has been identified for submission to the processor for execution, an identifying value, for example, a hash value, is determined for a current memory block that contains the current instruction. The identifying value of the current memory block is then compared with a set of reference values. If the identifying value satisfies a validation condition, then execution of the current instruction by the processor is allowed. If the validation condition is not satisfied, then a response is generated: In the common case, execution of the current instruction is not allowed, or some other predetermined measure is taken.
摘要翻译：计算机中的计算机可执行指令在被识别为提交执行之后但在实际执行之前被动态地验证。特别地，对于已被识别用于提交给处理器以执行的至少一个当前指令，为包含当前指令的当前存储块确定标识值，例如哈希值。然后将当前存储器块的识别值与一组参考值进行比较。如果识别值满足验证条件，则允许由处理器执行当前指令。如果验证条件不满足，则产生响应：在常见情况下，不允许执行当前指令，或者采取其他一些预定措施。

6. 发明授权

US09396024B2 Online computation of cache occupancy and performance 有权
标题翻译：在线计算缓存占用率和性能
公开(公告)号：US09396024B2
公开(公告)日：2016-07-19
申请号：US12251108
申请日：2008-10-14
申请人： Richard West , Puneet Zaroo , Carl A. Waldspurger , Xiao Zhang , Haoqiang Zheng
发明人： Richard West , Puneet Zaroo , Carl A. Waldspurger , Xiao Zhang , Haoqiang Zheng
IPC分类号： G06F9/46 , G06F13/00 , G06F13/28 , G06F9/50 , G06F12/08 , G06F11/34
CPC分类号： G06F9/50 , G06F9/5005 , G06F9/5011 , G06F9/5016 , G06F9/5022 , G06F9/5027 , G06F9/5033 , G06F9/5044 , G06F9/505 , G06F9/5055 , G06F11/3409 , G06F11/3442 , G06F11/3452 , G06F11/3466 , G06F12/08 , G06F12/0802 , G06F12/0804 , G06F12/0806 , G06F12/0815 , G06F12/084 , G06F2201/88
摘要： Methods, computer programs, and systems for managing thread performance in a computing environment based on cache occupancy are provided. In one embodiment, a computer implemented method assigns a thread performance counter to threads being created to measure the number of cache misses for the threads. The thread performance counter is deduced in one embodiment based on performance counters associated with each core in a processor. The method further calculates a self-thread value as the change in the thread performance counter of a given thread during a predetermined period, and an other-thread value as the sum of all the changes in the thread performance counters for all threads except for the given thread. Further, the method estimates a cache occupancy for the given thread based on a previous occupancy for the given thread, and the calculated shelf-thread and other-thread values. The estimated cache occupancy is used to assign computing environment resources to the given thread. In another embodiment, cache miss-rate curves are constructed for a thread to help analyze performance tradeoffs when changing cache allocations of the threads in the system.
摘要翻译：提供了基于缓存占用的用于在计算环境中管理线程性能的方法，计算机程序和系统。在一个实施例中，计算机实现的方法为正在创建的线程分配线程性能计数器以测量线程的高速缓存未命中的数量。基于与处理器中的每个核心相关联的性能计数器，在一个实施例中推导出线程性能计数器。该方法进一步计算自线程值作为在预定时段期间给定线程的线程性能计数器的变化，而另一线程值作为所有线程的线程性能计数器的所有变化之和除外给线程此外，该方法基于给定线程的先前占用以及所计算的架线和其他线程值来估计给定线程的高速缓存占用。估计的高速缓存占用率用于将计算环境资源分配给给定的线程。在另一个实施例中，为线程构建高速缓存未命中率曲线，以帮助在改变系统中的线程的高速缓存分配时分析性能权衡。

7. 发明授权

US08856784B2 Decentralized management of virtualized hosts 有权
公开(公告)号：US08856784B2
公开(公告)日：2014-10-07
申请号：US13159935
申请日：2011-06-14
申请人： Ajay Gulati , Irfan Ahmad , Ganesha Shanmuganathan , Carl A. Waldspurger
发明人： Ajay Gulati , Irfan Ahmad , Ganesha Shanmuganathan , Carl A. Waldspurger
IPC分类号： G06F9/455 , G06F9/50 , H04L29/08 , G06F11/34
CPC分类号： G06F9/45533 , G06F9/5088 , G06F11/3433 , G06F2201/815 , H04L67/1008
摘要： One or more embodiments of the present invention provide a technique for effectively managing virtualized computing systems with an unlimited number of hardware resources. Host systems included in a virtualized computer system are organized into a scalable, peer-to-peer (P2P) network in which host systems arrange themselves into a network overlay to communicate with one another. The network overlay enables the host systems to perform a variety of operations, which include dividing computing resources of the host systems among a plurality of virtual machines (VMs), load balancing VMs across the host systems, and performing an initial placement of a VM in one of the host systems.

8. 发明授权

US08819676B2 Transparent memory-mapped emulation of I/O calls 有权
标题翻译： I / O调用的透明内存映射仿真
公开(公告)号：US08819676B2
公开(公告)日：2014-08-26
申请号：US12261722
申请日：2008-10-30
申请人： Daniel R. K. Ports , Xiaoxin Chen , Carl A. Waldspurger , Pratap Subrahmanyam , Tal Garfinkel
发明人： Daniel R. K. Ports , Xiaoxin Chen , Carl A. Waldspurger , Pratap Subrahmanyam , Tal Garfinkel
IPC分类号： G06F9/455
CPC分类号： G06F9/461 , G06F9/4486 , G06F9/45533 , G06F9/45558 , G06F9/4881 , G06F11/1451 , G06F11/1484 , G06F2009/45562 , G06F2009/45583 , G06F2201/815 , G06F2201/84
摘要： A virtual-machine-based system provides a mechanism to implement application file I/O operations of protected data by implementing the I/O operations semantics in a shim layer with memory-mapped regions. The semantics of these I/O operations are emulated in a shim layer with memory-mapped regions by using a mapping between a process' address space and a file or shared memory object. Data that is protected from viewing by a guest OS running in a virtual machine may nonetheless be accessed by the process.
摘要翻译：基于虚拟机的系统提供了通过在具有存储器映射区域的垫片层中实现I / O操作语义来实现受保护数据的应用文件I / O操作的机制。这些I / O操作的语义通过使用进程的地址空间和文件或共享内存对象之间的映射在具有内存映射区域的填充层中进行仿真。受虚拟机运行的客户机操作系统保护的数据可能会被进程访问。

9. 发明授权

US08266404B2 Generating and using checkpoints in a virtual computer system 有权
标题翻译：在虚拟计算机系统中生成和使用检查点
公开(公告)号：US08266404B2
公开(公告)日：2012-09-11
申请号：US13171268
申请日：2011-06-28
申请人： Carl A. Waldspurger , Michael Nelson , Daniel J. Scales , Pratap Subrahmanyam
发明人： Carl A. Waldspurger , Michael Nelson , Daniel J. Scales , Pratap Subrahmanyam
IPC分类号： G06F12/02
CPC分类号： G06F11/1407 , G06F11/1435 , G06F11/1438 , G06F11/1458 , G06F11/1471 , G06F11/1482 , G06F11/1484 , G06F12/16 , G06F2201/815 , G06F2201/84
摘要： To generate a checkpoint for a virtual machine (VM), first, while the VM is still running, a copy-on-write (COW) disk file is created pointing to a parent disk file that the VM is using. Next, the VM is stopped, the VM's memory is marked COW, the device state of the VM is saved to memory, the VM is switched to use the COW disk file, and the VM begins running again for substantially the remainder of the checkpoint generation. Next, the device state that was stored in memory and the unmodified VM memory pages are saved to a checkpoint file. Also, a copy may be made of the parent disk file for retention as part of the checkpoint, or the original parent disk file may be retained as part of the checkpoint. If a copy of the parent disk file was made, then the COW disk file may be committed to the original parent disk file.
摘要翻译：要为虚拟机（VM）生成检查点，首先，当VM仍在运行时，会创建指向VM所使用的父磁盘文件的写时复制（COW）磁盘文件。接下来，VM停止，VM的内存被标记为COW，VM的设备状态被保存到内存，VM被切换为使用COW磁盘文件，并且VM再次开始运行，大部分剩下的检查点生成。接下来，将存储在存储器中的设备状态和未修改的VM内存页保存到检查点文件。另外，作为检查点的一部分，可以将父磁盘文件作为副本作为保留，也可以将原始的父磁盘文件作为检查点的一部分进行保留。如果生成了父磁盘文件的副本，则COW磁盘文件可能会提交到原始的父磁盘文件。

10. 发明授权

US08171140B2 Resource allocation in computers 有权
标题翻译：电脑资源分配
公开(公告)号：US08171140B2
公开(公告)日：2012-05-01
申请号：US12027853
申请日：2008-02-07
申请人： Carl A. Waldspurger
发明人： Carl A. Waldspurger
IPC分类号： G06F15/173
CPC分类号： G06F3/0631 , G06F3/0604 , G06F3/0653 , G06F3/0683 , G06F9/4881 , G06F9/5016 , H04L41/5054 , H04L43/04 , H04L43/08 , H04L47/76
摘要： A method and tangible medium embodying code for allocating resource units of an allocatable resource among a plurality of clients in a computer is described. In the method, resource units are initially distributed among the clients by assigning to each of the clients a nominal share of the allocatable resource. For each client, a current allocation of resource units is determined. A metric is evaluated for each client, the metric being a function both of the nominal share and a usage-based factor, the usage-based factor being a function of a measure of resource units that the client is actively using and a measure of resource units that the client is not actively using. A resource unit can be reclaimed from a client when the metric for that client meets a predetermined criterion.
摘要翻译：描述了一种体现用于在计算机中的多个客户端中分配可分配资源的资源单元的代码的方法和有形介质。在该方法中，通过向每个客户端分配可分配资源的标称份额，资源单元最初分布在客户端之间。对于每个客户端，确定资源单元的当前分配。针对每个客户端评估度量，度量是名义份额和基于使用的因素的函数，基于使用的因素是客户端正在使用的资源单位的度量的度量和资源的度量客户端没有积极使用的单位。当客户端的度量符合预定标准时，可以从客户端回收资源单元。

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