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1. 发明授权

US4656103A Liquid junction photoelectrodes using amorphous silicon-based thin film semiconductor 失效
标题翻译：使用非晶硅基薄膜半导体的液相光电极
公开(公告)号：US4656103A
公开(公告)日：1987-04-07
申请号：US736433
申请日：1985-05-20
申请人： Benjamin Reichman , Gao Liang , Krishna Sapru
发明人： Benjamin Reichman , Gao Liang , Krishna Sapru
IPC分类号： C25B1/00 , H01G9/20 , H01M6/36 , C25B1/02
CPC分类号： H01G9/20 , C25B1/003 , Y02E60/368 , Y02P20/134 , Y02P20/135 , Y10S204/03
摘要： An amorphous silicon semiconductor alloy having multiple layers is used to form a photoelectrode (either a photoanode or a photocathode) for use in a photoelectrochemical cell for the photoelectrolysis of water to produce hydrogen or the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. Each layer of the semiconductor alloy has a different dopant concentration ranging from no dopant to a heavy dopant concentration. The photoelectrochemical cell can utilize a photocathode and a conventional metal anode, a photoanode or both a photocathode and a photoanode according to the present invention. The semiconductor alloy of the photoelectrode is a-Si:F:H or a-Si:H.sub.x deposited on a reflective layer of aluminum or molybdenum which is deposited on a substrate of glass or stainless steel. A tunnelable oxide layer can be deposited or intrinsically formed to cover and protect the top surface of the semiconductor alloy body. The photoanode is of an n-type configuration while the photocathodes can be either a p-type or a P-I-N type configuration.
摘要翻译：使用具有多层的非晶硅半导体合金来形成用于光电化学电池的光电极（光电阳极或光电阴极），用于光电解水以产生氢气或将太阳能转换成电能。半导体合金的每个层具有不同掺杂剂浓度，从不掺杂剂到重掺杂剂浓度。光电化学电池可以利用根据本发明的光电阴极和常规金属阳极，光电阳极或光电阴极和光电阳极。光电极的半导体合金是沉积在铝或钼的反射层上的a-Si：F：H或a-Si：Hx，其沉积在玻璃或不锈钢的基板上。隧道状氧化物层可以沉积或固有地形成以覆盖并保护半导体合金体的顶表面。光电阳极是n型结构，而光电阴极可以是p型或P-I-N型构型。

2. 发明授权

US4511638A Photoresponsive amorphous semiconductor materials, methods of making the same, and photoanodes made therewith 失效
标题翻译：光反应性非晶半导体材料，其制造方法和由其制成的光电阳极
公开(公告)号：US4511638A
公开(公告)日：1985-04-16
申请号：US499900
申请日：1983-06-01
申请人： Krishna Sapru , Benjamin Reichman , Gao Liang
发明人： Krishna Sapru , Benjamin Reichman , Gao Liang
IPC分类号： C25B1/00 , H01G9/20 , H01L31/04 , H01L31/20 , H01M14/00 , H01M6/36 , C25B11/10
CPC分类号： C25B1/003 , H01G9/20 , H01L31/20 , H01M14/005 , Y02E10/542 , Y02P20/135 , Y10S204/03
摘要： A photoresponsive amorphous semiconductor material is modified by incorporating at least one compensating agent selected from a group consisting of hydrogen, lithium, fluorine, beryllium, aluminum, boron, magnesium, other Group I elements, and compounds of these elements. The semiconductor material is cathodically treated either simultaneously with or subsequent to this modification. The semiconductor material may be additionally modified by incorporating a second modifying agent selected from a group consisting of silicon, the transition elements, the lanthanides, and compounds of these elements. The semiconductor material also may be subjected to heat treatment in an inert atmosphere before the cathodic treatment.A photoanode utilizing the above described semiconductor material further includes a substrate to support a film of said material. The photoanode may additionally include a second semiconductor film having a small band gap inserted between said substrate and said first semiconductor film. These photoanodes may be used in an electrochemical cell for the conversion of light into electrical energy or energy stored in a fuel.
摘要翻译：通过掺入至少一种选自氢，锂，氟，铍，铝，硼，镁，其他I族元素的组分和这些元素的化合物来补偿光响应性非晶半导体材料。半导体材料在该修改或同时进行阴极处理。可以通过掺入选自硅，过渡元素，镧系元素和这些元素的化合物的第二改性剂来另外修饰半导体材料。半导体材料也可以在阴极处理之前在惰性气氛中进行热处理。利用上述半导体材料的光电阳极还包括用于支撑所述材料的膜的基板。光电二极管还可以包括在所述衬底和所述第一半导体膜之间插入小带隙的第二半导体膜。这些光电阳极可用于电化学电池中，用于将光转换成电能或存储在燃料中的能量。

3. 发明授权

US4537674A Electrolytic cell anode 失效
标题翻译：电解池阳极
公开(公告)号：US4537674A
公开(公告)日：1985-08-27
申请号：US399878
申请日：1982-07-19
申请人： Stanford R. Ovshinsky , Krishna Sapru , Gao Liang
发明人： Stanford R. Ovshinsky , Krishna Sapru , Gao Liang
IPC分类号： C25B11/08 , B01J23/02 , B01J23/04 , B01J23/75 , B01J23/755 , B01J23/76 , B01J23/88 , B01J23/889 , C25B11/04 , C25B11/00
CPC分类号： C25B11/0478 , B01J23/76
摘要： An improved anode for acting as a catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction in water electrolysis. The anode provides lower overvoltages, good kinetics, chemical and mechanical stability, low heat of oxygen adsorption and low operating costs. The anode material is formed from a host matrix including at least one transition element, preferably Co, Ni or Mn, which is structurally modified by incorporating one or more modifier elements, one of which may also be a transition element, to improve its catalytic properties. Modifier elements, including for example Co, Ni, Sr, Li, In, K, Sn, C, O, Mn, Ru and Al structurally modify the local chemical environments of the host matrix to provide a material having an increased density of catalytically active sites. The catalytic material can be formed by vacuum deposition techniques such as by cosputtering the host matrix and modifier elements to form a layer of catalytic material on an electrode substrate. The material may also include a leachable modifier element, such as Li, Al or Zn, which is partially removed to further modify the material and enhance its catalytic activity. After formation, the material may be subjected to a heat treatment in an oxygen containing atmosphere and/or subjected to an electrochemical treatment such as a cathodic treatment or a rapid anodic-cathodic pulsing to increase the catalytic activity of the material by forming highly active oxides. The electrochemical treatments significantly lower the overvoltages exhibited by the anodes of the present invention.
摘要翻译：用作水电解中的析氧反应的催化剂的改进的阳极。阳极提供更低的过电压，良好的动力学，化学和机械稳定性，低吸热热和低运行成本。阳极材料由包含至少一个过渡元素（优选Co，Ni或Mn）的主体基质形成，该过渡元素优选为Co，Ni或Mn，其结构上通过掺入一种或多种改性剂元素进行改性，其中一种还可以是过渡元素，以改善其催化性能。包括例如Co，Ni，Sr，Li，In，K，Sn，C，O，Mn，Ru和Al的改性元素在结构上改变主体基质的局部化学环境，以提供具有增加的催化活性密度的材料网站。催化材料可以通过真空沉积技术形成，例如通过共溅射主体基质和改性剂元素在电极基底上形成一层催化材料。该材料还可以包括可浸出的改性剂元素，例如Li，Al或Zn，其被部分去除以进一步改性材料并增强其催化活性。形成后，材料可以在含氧气氛中进行热处理和/或进行电化学处理如阴极处理或快速阳极 - 阴极脉冲，以通过形成高活性氧化物来增加材料的催化活性。电化学处理显着降低了本发明的阳极表现的过电压。

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