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1. 发明申请

US20120178194A1 Method of Manufacturing a Light Emitting, Photovoltaic or Other Electronic Apparatus and System 有权
公开(公告)号：US20120178194A1
公开(公告)日：2012-07-12
申请号：US13366279
申请日：2012-02-04
申请人： William Johnstone Ray , Mark David Lowenthal , Neil O. Shotton , Richard A. Blanchard , Mark Allan Lewandowski , Kirk A. Fuller , Donald Odell Frazier
发明人： William Johnstone Ray , Mark David Lowenthal , Neil O. Shotton , Richard A. Blanchard , Mark Allan Lewandowski , Kirk A. Fuller , Donald Odell Frazier
IPC分类号： H01L33/58 , H01L31/18
CPC分类号： H01L21/20 , G09G3/32 , G09G2300/0426 , G09G2300/0439 , G09G2330/028 , H01L27/3281 , H01L31/035281 , H01L31/0475 , H01L31/0508 , H01L31/0512 , H01L31/068 , H01L51/0096 , H01L51/5012 , H01L51/5203 , H01L51/5275 , H01L51/56 , H01L2251/5369 , Y02E10/547
摘要： The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus, such as a lighting device having light emitting diodes (LEDs) or a power generating device having photovoltaic diodes. The exemplary method includes depositing a first conductive medium within a plurality of channels of a base to form a plurality of first conductors; depositing within the plurality of channels a plurality of semiconductor substrate particles suspended in a carrier medium; forming an ohmic contact between each semiconductor substrate particle and a first conductor; converting the semiconductor substrate particles into a plurality of semiconductor diodes; depositing a second conductive medium to form a plurality of second conductors coupled to the plurality of semiconductor diodes; and depositing or attaching a plurality of lenses suspended in a first polymer over the plurality of diodes. In various embodiments, the depositing, forming, coupling and converting steps are performed by or through a printing process.

2. 发明申请

US20120164796A1 Method of Manufacturing a Printable Composition of a Liquid or Gel Suspension of Diodes 有权
标题翻译：制造二氧化碳液体或凝胶悬浮液的可印刷组合物的方法
公开(公告)号：US20120164796A1
公开(公告)日：2012-06-28
申请号：US13223286
申请日：2011-08-31
申请人： Mark David Lowenthal , William Johnstone Ray , Neil O. Shotton , Richard A. Blanchard , Mark Allan Lewandowski , Brad Oraw , Jeffrey Baldridge , Eric Anthony Perozziello
发明人： Mark David Lowenthal , William Johnstone Ray , Neil O. Shotton , Richard A. Blanchard , Mark Allan Lewandowski , Brad Oraw , Jeffrey Baldridge , Eric Anthony Perozziello
IPC分类号： H01L21/56 , H01B1/14 , H01B1/20 , H01B1/24 , H01B1/22 , H01B1/12 , H01B1/00 , H01B1/06
CPC分类号： H01L33/56 , H01L21/6836 , H01L24/95 , H01L25/048 , H01L27/3281 , H01L31/022408 , H01L31/02363 , H01L31/035281 , H01L31/0475 , H01L31/184 , H01L31/1844 , H01L31/1848 , H01L33/0095 , H01L33/08 , H01L33/20 , H01L33/38 , H01L33/382 , H01L51/52 , H01L51/5203 , H01L51/56 , H01L2924/09701 , H01L2924/12041 , H01L2924/12042 , H01L2924/13033 , H01L2924/13034 , H01L2924/1305 , H01L2924/1306 , H01L2924/13062 , H01L2924/13091 , H01L2924/14 , Y02E10/544 , Y02P70/521 , H01L2924/00
摘要： An exemplary printable composition of a liquid or gel suspension of diodes comprises a plurality of diodes, a first solvent and/or a viscosity modifier. An exemplary method of making a liquid or gel suspension of diodes comprises: adding a viscosity modifier to a plurality of diodes in a first solvent; and mixing the plurality of diodes, the first solvent and the viscosity modifier to form the liquid or gel suspension of the plurality of diodes. Various exemplary diodes have a lateral dimension between about 10 to 50 microns and about 5 to 25 microns in height. Other embodiments may also include a plurality of substantially chemically inert particles having a range of sizes between about 10 to about 50 microns.
摘要翻译：二极管的液体或凝胶悬浮液的示例性可印刷组合物包括多个二极管，第一溶剂和/或粘度调节剂。制备二极管的液体或凝胶悬浮液的示例性方法包括：在第一溶剂中向多个二极管添加粘度调节剂; 以及混合多个二极管，第一溶剂和粘度调节剂以形成多个二极管的液体或凝胶悬浮液。各种示例性二极管的高度为约10至50微米和约5至25微米之间的横向尺寸。其它实施方案还可以包括多个基本上化学惰性的颗粒，其尺寸范围在约10至约50微米之间。

3. 发明申请

US20100065862A1 Light Emitting, Photovoltaic Or Other Electronic Apparatus and System 有权
标题翻译：发光，光伏或其他电子设备和系统
公开(公告)号：US20100065862A1
公开(公告)日：2010-03-18
申请号：US12560334
申请日：2009-09-15
申请人： William Johnstone Ray , Mark David Lowenthal , Neil O. Shotton , Richard A. Blanchard , Mark Allan Lewandowski , Kirk A. Fuller , Donald Odell Frazler
发明人： William Johnstone Ray , Mark David Lowenthal , Neil O. Shotton , Richard A. Blanchard , Mark Allan Lewandowski , Kirk A. Fuller , Donald Odell Frazler
IPC分类号： H01L33/00 , H01L31/0232
CPC分类号： H01L33/00 , B82Y20/00 , B82Y30/00 , H01L21/30 , H01L27/142 , H01L27/156 , H01L27/32 , H01L27/3281 , H01L31/0232 , H01L31/028 , H01L31/0304 , H01L31/03044 , H01L31/0328 , H01L31/0352 , H01L31/035281 , H01L31/0475 , H01L31/05 , H01L31/0504 , H01L31/0508 , H01L31/0512 , H01L31/0543 , H01L31/0547 , H01L31/068 , H01L33/08 , H01L33/20 , H01L33/30 , H01L33/32 , H01L33/34 , H01L33/58 , H01L33/60 , H01L33/62 , H01L51/0096 , H01L51/447 , H01L51/52 , H01L51/5203 , H01L51/5265 , H01L51/5271 , H01L51/5275 , H01L51/56 , H01L2251/5369 , H01L2924/0002 , Y02E10/52 , Y02E10/547 , Y02E10/549 , Y02P70/521 , H01L2924/00
摘要： The present invention provides an electronic apparatus, such as a lighting device comprised of light emitting diodes (LEDs) or a power generating apparatus comprising photovoltaic diodes, which may be created through a printing process, using a semiconductor or other substrate particle ink or suspension and using a lens particle ink or suspension. An exemplary apparatus comprises a base; at least one first conductor; a plurality of substantially spherical or optically resonant diodes coupled to the at least one first conductor; at least one second conductor coupled to the plurality of diodes; and a plurality of substantially spherical lenses suspended in a polymer attached or deposited over the diodes. The lenses and the suspending polymer have different indices of refraction. In some embodiments, the lenses and diodes have a ratio of mean diameters or lengths between about 10:1 and 2:1. The diodes may be LEDs or photovoltaic diodes, and in some embodiments, have a junction formed at least partially as a hemispherical shell or cap.
摘要翻译：本发明提供了一种电子设备，例如包括发光二极管（LED）的发光装置或包括可通过印刷工艺产生的光伏二极管的发电装置，其使用半导体或其它基板颗粒墨水或悬浮液，使用透镜颗粒墨水或悬浮液。示例性装置包括基座; 至少一个第一导体; 耦合到所述至少一个第一导体的多个基本球形或光学谐振二极管; 耦合到所述多个二极管的至少一个第二导体; 以及悬挂在连接或沉积在二极管上的聚合物中的多个基本上球形的透镜。透镜和悬浮聚合物具有不同的折射率。在一些实施例中，透镜和二极管具有在大约10:1和2:1之间的平均直径或长度的比率。二极管可以是LED或光伏二极管，并且在一些实施例中，具有至少部分地形成为半球形壳或盖的结。

4. 发明授权

US08753947B2 Method of manufacturing a light emitting, photovoltaic or other electronic apparatus and system 有权
公开(公告)号：US08753947B2
公开(公告)日：2014-06-17
申请号：US13366281
申请日：2012-02-04
申请人： William Johnstone Ray , Mark David Lowenthal , Neil O. Shotton , Richard A. Blanchard , Mark Allan Lewandowski , Kirk A. Fuller , Donald Odell Frazier
发明人： William Johnstone Ray , Mark David Lowenthal , Neil O. Shotton , Richard A. Blanchard , Mark Allan Lewandowski , Kirk A. Fuller , Donald Odell Frazier
IPC分类号： H01L21/331 , H01L21/8222
CPC分类号： H01L21/20 , G09G3/32 , G09G2300/0426 , G09G2300/0439 , G09G2330/028 , H01L27/3281 , H01L31/035281 , H01L31/0475 , H01L31/0508 , H01L31/0512 , H01L31/068 , H01L51/0096 , H01L51/5012 , H01L51/5203 , H01L51/5275 , H01L51/56 , H01L2251/5369 , Y02E10/547
摘要： The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus, such as a lighting device having light emitting diodes (LEDs) or a power generating device having photovoltaic diodes. The exemplary method includes depositing a first conductive medium within a plurality of channels of a base to form a plurality of first conductors; depositing within the plurality of channels a plurality of semiconductor substrate particles suspended in a carrier medium; forming an ohmic contact between each semiconductor substrate particle and a first conductor; converting the semiconductor substrate particles into a plurality of semiconductor diodes; depositing a second conductive medium to form a plurality of second conductors coupled to the plurality of semiconductor diodes; and depositing or attaching a plurality of lenses suspended in a first polymer over the plurality of diodes. In various embodiments, the depositing, forming, coupling and converting steps are performed by or through a printing process.

5. 发明申请

US20140017558A1 Diatomaceous Ionic Gel Separation Layer for Energy Storage Devices and Printable Composition Therefor 审中-公开
标题翻译：用于储能装置的硅藻土离子凝胶分离层及其可印刷组合物
公开(公告)号：US20140017558A1
公开(公告)日：2014-01-16
申请号：US13571308
申请日：2012-08-09
申请人： Vera Nicholaevna Lockett , Mark David Lowenthal , Neil O. Shotton , William Johnstone Ray , Theodore I. Kamins
发明人： Vera Nicholaevna Lockett , Mark David Lowenthal , Neil O. Shotton , William Johnstone Ray , Theodore I. Kamins
IPC分类号： H01M10/0565 , H01M10/056 , H01M2/16
CPC分类号： H01G11/52 , H01G11/60 , H01G11/62 , H01G11/84 , H01M2/145 , H01M2/16 , H01M2/164 , H01M2/1646 , H01M2/1653 , H01M2/166 , H01M2/1686 , H01M10/0525 , H01M10/056 , H01M10/0565 , H01M10/0568 , H01M10/0569 , H01M2300/0025 , H01M2300/0028 , H01M2300/0085 , Y02E60/13
摘要： Representative embodiments provide a liquid or gel separator utilized to separate and space apart first and second conductors or electrodes of an energy storage device, such as a battery or a capacitor. A representative liquid or gel separator comprises a plurality of particles selected from the group consisting of: diatoms, diatomaceous frustules, diatomaceous fragments, diatomaceous remains, and mixtures thereof; a first, ionic liquid electrolyte; and a polymer or, in the printable composition, a polymer or a polymeric precursor. Another representative embodiment further comprises a second electrolyte different from the first electrolyte; the first and second electrolytes comprise zinc tetrafluoroborate salt in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidalzolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid; and the polymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol (“PVA”) or polyvinylidene fluoride (“PVFD”). Additional components, such as additional electrolytes and solvents, may also be included.
摘要翻译：代表性的实施例提供了用于分离和分开能量存储装置（例如电池或电容器）的第一和第二导体或电极的液体或凝胶分离器。代表性的液体或凝胶分离器包括多个选自以下的颗粒：硅藻，硅藻土，硅藻土碎片，硅藻土及其混合物; 第一种离子液体电解质; 和聚合物或在可印刷组合物中的聚合物或聚合物前体。另一个代表性实施例还包括不同于第一电解质的第二电解质; 第一和第二电解质包括在1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓四氟硼酸盐离子液体中的四氟硼酸锌盐; 聚合物包括聚乙烯醇（“PVA”）或聚偏二氟乙烯（“PVFD”）。还可以包括另外的组分，例如附加的电解质和溶剂。

6. 发明申请

US20140017557A1 Printable Composition for an Ionic Gel Separation Layer for Energy Storage Devices 审中-公开
标题翻译：用于能量存储设备的离子凝胶分离层的可印刷组合物
公开(公告)号：US20140017557A1
公开(公告)日：2014-01-16
申请号：US13571302
申请日：2012-08-09
申请人： Vera Nicholaevna Lockett , Mark David Lowenthal , Neil O. Shotton , William Johnstone Ray , Theodore I. Kamins
发明人： Vera Nicholaevna Lockett , Mark David Lowenthal , Neil O. Shotton , William Johnstone Ray , Theodore I. Kamins
IPC分类号： H01M10/0565 , H01M2/14 , H01M2/16
CPC分类号： H01G11/52 , H01G11/60 , H01G11/62 , H01G11/84 , H01M2/145 , H01M2/16 , H01M2/164 , H01M2/1646 , H01M2/1653 , H01M2/166 , H01M2/1686 , H01M10/0525 , H01M10/056 , H01M10/0565 , H01M10/0568 , H01M10/0569 , H01M2300/0025 , H01M2300/0028 , H01M2300/0085 , Y02E60/13
摘要： Representative embodiments provide a composition for printing a liquid or gel separator utilized to separate and space apart first and second conductors or electrodes of an energy storage device, such as a battery or a supercapacitor. A representative composition comprises a plurality of particles, typically having a size (in any dimension) between about 0.5 to about 50 microns; a first, ionic liquid electrolyte; and a polymer or polymeric precursor. In another representative embodiment, the plurality of particles comprise diatoms, diatomaceous frustules, and/or diatomaceous fragments or remains. Another representative embodiment further comprises a second electrolyte different from the first electrolyte; the plurality of particles are comprised of silicate glass; the first and second electrolytes comprise zinc tetrafluoroborate salt in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid; and the polymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol (“PVA”) or polyvinylidene fluoride (“PVFD”). Additional components, such as additional electrolytes and solvents, may also be included.
摘要翻译：代表性的实施方案提供了用于印刷液体或凝胶分离器的组合物，其用于分离和分开能量存储装置（例如电池或超级电容器）的第一和第二导体或电极。代表性组合物包含多个颗粒，通常具有约0.5至约50微米的尺寸（任何尺寸）; 第一种离子液体电解质; 和聚合物或聚合物前体。在另一个代表性的实施方案中，多个颗粒包括硅藻，硅藻土锥形体和/或硅藻质碎片或残留物。另一个代表性的实施方案还包括不同于第一电解质的第二电解质; 多个颗粒由硅酸盐玻璃组成; 第一和第二电解质包括在1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑鎓四氟硼酸盐离子液体中的四氟硼酸锌盐; 聚合物包括聚乙烯醇（“PVA”）或聚偏二氟乙烯（“PVFD”）。还可以包括另外的组分，例如附加的电解质和溶剂。

7. 发明申请

US20120252302A1 Method of Fabricating Static and Addressable Emissive Displays 审中-公开
标题翻译：制造静态和可寻址发射显示器的方法
公开(公告)号：US20120252302A1
公开(公告)日：2012-10-04
申请号：US13439655
申请日：2012-04-04
申请人： William Johnstone Ray , Mark David Lowenthal , Timothy Charles Claypole
发明人： William Johnstone Ray , Mark David Lowenthal , Timothy Charles Claypole
IPC分类号： H01J9/20
CPC分类号： H05B33/06 , G09G3/30 , G09G2300/0426 , H05B33/10
摘要： The various embodiments of the invention provide an addressable or a static emissive display comprising a plurality of layers, including a first substrate layer, wherein each succeeding layer is formed by printing or coating the layer over preceding layers. Exemplary substrates include paper, plastic, rubber, fabric, glass, ceramic, or any other insulator or semiconductor. In an exemplary embodiment, the display includes a first conductive layer attached to the substrate and forming a first plurality of conductors; various dielectric layers; an emissive layer; a second, transmissive conductive layer forming a second plurality of conductors; a third conductive layer included in the second plurality of conductors and having a comparatively lower impedance; and optional color and masking layers.
摘要翻译：本发明的各种实施例提供了包括多个层的可寻址或静态发射显示器，其包括第一衬底层，其中每个后续层通过在先前层上印刷或涂覆该层而形成。示例性基材包括纸，塑料，橡胶，织物，玻璃，陶瓷或任何其它绝缘体或半导体。在示例性实施例中，显示器包括附接到基板并形成第一多个导体的第一导电层; 各种介电层; 发射层; 形成第二多个导体的第二透射导电层; 包括在所述第二多个导体中并且具有相对较低阻抗的第三导电层; 和可选的颜色和掩蔽层。

8. 发明申请

US20120161112A1 Diode for a Printable Composition 有权
标题翻译：用于可印刷组合物的二极管
公开(公告)号：US20120161112A1
公开(公告)日：2012-06-28
申请号：US13223294
申请日：2011-08-31
申请人： Mark David Lowenthal , William Johnstone Ray , Neil O. Shotton , Richard A. Blanchard , Brad Oraw
发明人： Mark David Lowenthal , William Johnstone Ray , Neil O. Shotton , Richard A. Blanchard , Brad Oraw
IPC分类号： H01L51/54 , H01L33/48
CPC分类号： H01L33/48 , H01L21/561 , H01L24/24 , H01L24/83 , H01L24/95 , H01L24/97 , H01L25/048 , H01L31/022408 , H01L31/03044 , H01L31/035281 , H01L31/0475 , H01L31/048 , H01L31/0504 , H01L31/1852 , H01L31/1856 , H01L33/20 , H01L33/32 , H01L33/38 , H01L51/442 , H01L51/52 , H01L51/5203 , H01L51/5209 , H01L51/5225 , H01L51/56 , H01L2224/24051 , H01L2224/24101 , H01L2224/24137 , H01L2224/24226 , H01L2224/32225 , H01L2224/73267 , H01L2224/82138 , H01L2224/83138 , H01L2224/83851 , H01L2224/95101 , H01L2224/97 , H01L2924/09701 , H01L2924/12041 , H01L2924/12042 , H01L2924/13033 , H01L2924/13034 , H01L2924/1305 , H01L2924/1306 , H01L2924/13062 , H01L2924/13091 , H01L2924/14 , Y02E10/544 , Y02P70/521 , H01L2924/00 , H01L2924/00014 , H01L2224/82 , H01L2224/83
摘要： An exemplary printable composition of a liquid or gel suspension of diodes comprises a plurality of diodes, a first solvent and/or a viscosity modifier. An exemplary diode comprises: a light emitting or absorbing region having a diameter between about 20 and 30 microns and a height between about 2.5 to 7 microns; a first terminal coupled to the light emitting region on a first side, the first terminal having a height between about 1 to 6 microns; and a second terminal coupled to the light emitting region on a second side opposite the first side, the second terminal having a height between about 1 to 6 microns.
摘要翻译：二极管的液体或凝胶悬浮液的示例性可印刷组合物包括多个二极管，第一溶剂和/或粘度调节剂。示例性二极管包括：具有约20至30微米直径和约2.5至7微米之间的高度的发光或吸收区域; 第一端子，其耦合到第一侧上的发光区域，所述第一端子具有在约1至6微米之间的高度; 以及第二端子，其在与所述第一侧相对的第二侧上耦合到所述发光区域，所述第二端子具有在约1至6微米之间的高度。

9. 发明授权

US07719187B2 Static and addressable emissive displays 有权
标题翻译：静态和可寻址发射显示
公开(公告)号：US07719187B2
公开(公告)日：2010-05-18
申请号：US11485031
申请日：2006-07-12
申请人： William Johnstone Ray , Mark David Lowenthal , Timothy Charles Claypole
发明人： William Johnstone Ray , Mark David Lowenthal , Timothy Charles Claypole
IPC分类号： H05B33/22 , H01J1/62
CPC分类号： H05B33/06 , G09G3/30 , G09G2300/0426 , H05B33/10
摘要： The various embodiments of the invention provide an addressable or a static emissive display comprising a plurality of layers, including a first substrate layer, wherein each succeeding layer is formed by printing or coating the layer over preceding layers. Exemplary substrates include paper, plastic, rubber, fabric, glass, ceramic, or any other insulator or semiconductor. In an exemplary embodiment, the display includes a first conductive layer attached to the substrate and forming a first plurality of conductors; various dielectric layers; an emissive layer; a second, transmissive conductive layer forming a second plurality of conductors; a third conductive layer included in the second plurality of conductors and having a comparatively lower impedance; and optional color and masking layers. Pixels are defined by the corresponding display regions between the first and second plurality of conductors. Various embodiments are addressable, have a substantially flat form factor with a thickness of 1-3 mm, and are also scalable virtually limitlessly, from the size of a mobile telephone display to that of a billboard.
摘要翻译：本发明的各种实施例提供了包括多个层的可寻址或静态发射显示器，其包括第一衬底层，其中每个后续层通过在先前层上印刷或涂覆该层而形成。示例性基材包括纸，塑料，橡胶，织物，玻璃，陶瓷或任何其它绝缘体或半导体。在示例性实施例中，显示器包括附接到基板并形成第一多个导体的第一导电层; 各种介电层; 发射层; 形成第二多个导体的第二透射导电层; 包括在所述第二多个导体中并且具有相对较低阻抗的第三导电层; 和可选的颜色和掩蔽层。像素由第一和第二多个导体之间的对应的显示区域限定。各种实施例是可寻址的，具有厚度为1-3mm的基本平坦的形状因子，并且还可以从移动电话显示器的大小到广告牌的尺寸几乎无限地可扩展。

10. 发明申请

US20100068838A1 Method of Manufacturing a Light Emitting, Photovoltaic or Other Electronic Apparatus and System 有权
标题翻译：制造发光，光伏或其他电子设备和系统的方法
公开(公告)号：US20100068838A1
公开(公告)日：2010-03-18
申请号：US12560355
申请日：2009-09-15
申请人： William Johnstone Ray , Mark David Lowenthal , Neil O. Shotton , Richard A. Blanchard , Mark Allan Lewandowski , Kirk A. Fuller , Donald Odell Frazler
发明人： William Johnstone Ray , Mark David Lowenthal , Neil O. Shotton , Richard A. Blanchard , Mark Allan Lewandowski , Kirk A. Fuller , Donald Odell Frazler
IPC分类号： H01L21/30 , H01L31/18
CPC分类号： H01L33/00 , B82Y20/00 , B82Y30/00 , H01L21/30 , H01L27/142 , H01L27/156 , H01L27/32 , H01L27/3281 , H01L31/0232 , H01L31/028 , H01L31/0304 , H01L31/03044 , H01L31/0328 , H01L31/0352 , H01L31/035281 , H01L31/0475 , H01L31/05 , H01L31/0504 , H01L31/0508 , H01L31/0512 , H01L31/0543 , H01L31/0547 , H01L31/068 , H01L33/08 , H01L33/20 , H01L33/30 , H01L33/32 , H01L33/34 , H01L33/58 , H01L33/60 , H01L33/62 , H01L51/0096 , H01L51/447 , H01L51/52 , H01L51/5203 , H01L51/5265 , H01L51/5271 , H01L51/5275 , H01L51/56 , H01L2251/5369 , H01L2924/0002 , Y02E10/52 , Y02E10/547 , Y02E10/549 , Y02P70/521 , H01L2924/00
摘要： The present invention provides a method of manufacturing an electronic apparatus, such as a lighting device having light emitting diodes (LEDs) or a power generating device having photovoltaic diodes. The exemplary method includes forming at least one first conductor coupled to a base; coupling a plurality of substantially spherical substrate particles to the at least one first conductor; converting the substrate particles into a plurality of substantially spherical diodes; forming at least one second conductor coupled to the substantially spherical diodes; and depositing or attaching a plurality of substantially spherical lenses suspended in a first polymer. The lenses and the suspending polymer have different indices of refraction. In some embodiments, the lenses and diodes have a ratio of mean diameters or lengths between about 10:1 and 2:1. In various embodiments, the forming, coupling and converting steps are performed by or through a printing process.
摘要翻译：本发明提供一种制造电子设备的方法，例如具有发光二极管（LED）的照明装置或具有光伏二极管的发电装置。示例性方法包括形成耦合到基座的至少一个第一导体; 将多个基本上球形的基底颗粒耦合到所述至少一个第一导体; 将基板颗粒转变成多个基本上球形的二极管; 形成耦合到所述基本上球形的二极管的至少一个第二导体; 以及沉积或附着悬挂在第一聚合物中的多个基本上球形的透镜。透镜和悬浮聚合物具有不同的折射率。在一些实施例中，透镜和二极管具有在大约10:1和2:1之间的平均直径或长度的比率。在各种实施例中，成形，耦合和转换步骤通过印刷方法或通过印刷方法进行。

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