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1. 发明授权

US6067463A Method and apparatus for non-invasively measuring the amount of glucose in blood 有权
标题翻译：用于非侵入性测量血液中葡萄糖量的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US6067463A
公开(公告)日：2000-05-23
申请号：US225430
申请日：1999-01-05
申请人： Tzyy-Wen Jeng , Shu-Jen Yeh , John M. Lindberg , Joseph Larry Pezzaniti , Omar S. Khalil , Gary M. Oosta , Charles F. Hanna , Arnold F. Stalder , Ete Z. Szuts
发明人： Tzyy-Wen Jeng , Shu-Jen Yeh , John M. Lindberg , Joseph Larry Pezzaniti , Omar S. Khalil , Gary M. Oosta , Charles F. Hanna , Arnold F. Stalder , Ete Z. Szuts
IPC分类号： G01N21/35 , A61B5/00 , A61B5/145 , A61B5/1455
CPC分类号： A61B5/1455 , A61B5/14532
摘要： A method and apparatus for measuring the concentration of an analyte of interest, e.g. glucose, in blood non-invasively, i.e., without penetrating the skin or obtaining a biological sample from the body of a patient. The method and apparatus uses a plurality of measurement channels with appropriate wavelengths of interest to control variations of signal and to separate the contribution of the analyte of interest from those of interfering compounds. The method and apparatus of this invention can also be adapted to allow a portion of a body part to be engorged with blood to bring about greater accuracy in optical measurements. In the method of this invention, at least two similar, but not identical, measurements are made concurrently. For example, at least two measurements can be made with similar, but not identical, wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation. The two wavelengths should not be overlapping to allow maximum non-identity. By making measurements concurrently, each measurement channel in the system experiences variations as they occur substantially simultaneously in all channels. By selecting one of the channels as a reference channel and by normalizing the optical measurements of the other channels to this reference channel, the variations common to all channels are eliminated. Removing these common variations from the optical measurements by normalization, such as by calculating ratios of the measurement of each of the measuring channels to that of the reference channel, will allow the actual changes of the signal for a specific analyte of interest to be measured.
摘要翻译：用于测量所关注的分析物的浓度的方法和装置，例如，葡萄糖在血液中非侵入性地，即不渗透皮肤或从患者的身体获得生物样品。该方法和装置使用具有适当的感兴趣波长的多个测量通道来控制信号的变化并分离感兴趣分析物对干扰化合物的贡献。本发明的方法和装置还可以适于允许身体部分的一部分被血液吸收以在光学测量中带来更高的精度。在本发明的方法中，同时进行至少两个相似但不相同的测量。例如，可以用类似但不相同的电磁辐射波长进行至少两次测量。两个波长不应重叠，以允许最大的非身份。通过同时进行测量，系统中的每个测量通道在所有通道中基本上同时发生变化。通过选择一个通道作为参考通道，并将其他通道的光学测量标准化到该参考通道，可以消除所有通道共用的变化。通过归一化从光学测量中去除这些常见的变化，例如通过计算每个测量通道的测量与参考通道的测量的比率，将允许测量特定分析物的信号的实际变化。

2. 发明授权

US06662031B1 Method and device for the noninvasive determination of hemoglobin and hematocrit 有权
标题翻译：用于无创测定血红蛋白和血细胞比容的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US06662031B1
公开(公告)日：2003-12-09
申请号：US09566415
申请日：2000-05-08
申请人： Omar S. Khalil , Xiaomao Wu , Shu-jen Yeh , Charles F. Hanna , Stanislaw Kantor , Tzyy-Wen Jeng
发明人： Omar S. Khalil , Xiaomao Wu , Shu-jen Yeh , Charles F. Hanna , Stanislaw Kantor , Tzyy-Wen Jeng
IPC分类号： A61B500
CPC分类号： G01N21/4795 , A61B5/0059 , A61B5/14535 , A61B5/14546 , A61B5/1455 , A61B5/1491 , A61B5/6824 , A61B2562/0233 , A61B2562/0242 , A61B2562/043
摘要： A method for the determination of hemoglobin and hematocrit by means of an apparatus that is capable of controlling the temperature of a defined subcutaneous volume of human skin. The method involves a calculation of hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value that takes into consideration the values of optical parameters of the sample at various pre-set temperatures. The apparatus and method employ steady state optical measurements of samples, such as, for example, human tissue, by means of a reflectance tissue photometer and localized control of the temperature of the sample. According to the method of this invention, an optical signal from a defined subcutaneous volume of human skin is measured as the temperature of this volume is controlled. The method and apparatus of this invention allow determination of hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value non-invasively in a population of subjects having different skin colors by means of steady state reflectance measurements. The method of this invention for determination of hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value is useful for monitoring patients, testing at the point of care, and screening for anemia. In contrast to other attempts in the prior art that rely on signals of cardiac pulses, the method of this invention has the advantage for the determination of analytes in weak cardiac pulse situations, such as, for example, in elderly patients.
摘要翻译：用于通过能够控制人皮肤的规定的皮下体积的温度的装置来测定血红蛋白和血细胞比容的方法。该方法涉及在各种预设温度下考虑样品的光学参数的值的血红蛋白浓度和血细胞比容值的计算。该装置和方法利用反射组织光度计对样品（例如人体组织）进行稳态光学测量并且对样品的温度进行局部控制。根据本发明的方法，当控制该体积的温度时，测量来自人体皮肤的确定的皮下体积的光学信号。本发明的方法和装置允许通过稳态反射测量在具有不同皮肤颜色的受试者群体中非侵入性地测定血红蛋白浓度和血细胞比容值。用于测定血红蛋白浓度和血细胞比容值的本发明的方法对于监测患者，在护理点进行测试和筛查贫血是有用的。与依靠心脏脉冲信号的现有技术的其他尝试相反，本发明的方法具有测定弱心脏脉搏情况下的分析物的优点，例如老年患者。

3. 发明授权

US06654620B2 Method for improving non-invasive determination of the concentration of analytes in a biological sample 有权
标题翻译：改善生物样品中分析物浓度无创测定方法
公开(公告)号：US06654620B2
公开(公告)日：2003-11-25
申请号：US09835705
申请日：2001-04-16
申请人： Xiaomao Wu , Omar S. Khalil , Tzyy-Wen Jeng , Shu-Jen Yeh , Charles F. Hanna
发明人： Xiaomao Wu , Omar S. Khalil , Tzyy-Wen Jeng , Shu-Jen Yeh , Charles F. Hanna
IPC分类号： A61B550
CPC分类号： G01N21/4795 , A61B5/14532 , A61B5/14546 , A61B5/1455 , A61B5/1491 , A61B5/6824 , A61B2562/0233 , A61B2562/0242 , A61B2562/043
摘要： A method for determining the concentration of an analyte in a biological sample comprising the steps of: (1) providing an optical measuring instrument comprising a thermally controllable optical measuring element that comes into contact with the surface of the biological sample; (2) applying a coupling agent to the optical measuring element or to the surface of the biological sample or to both so that the coupling agent will be disposed at the interface of the surface of the biological sample and the optical measuring element; (3) measuring optical properties of the biological sample by means of the optical measuring instrument; and (4) correlating the optical properties of the biological sample with the concentration of the analyte in the biological sample. The coupling agent can be selected from the group consisting of silicone oil, mineral oil, polyethylene glycols, and oils from natural resources.
摘要翻译：一种用于确定生物样品中分析物浓度的方法，包括以下步骤：（1）提供光学测量仪器，其包括与生物样品表面接触的热可控光学测量元件;（2）偶联剂到光学测量元件或生物样品的表面或两者以使得偶联剂将被布置在生物样品的表面与光学测量元件的界面处;（3）测量光学特性通过光学测量仪器生物样品; 和（4）将生物样品的光学性质与生物样品中分析物的浓度相关联。偶联剂可以选自硅油，矿物油，聚乙二醇和来自天然资源的油。

4. 发明授权

US07043287B1 Method for modulating light penetration depth in tissue and diagnostic applications using same 有权
标题翻译：用于调节组织中的透光深度的方法和使用其的诊断应用
公开(公告)号：US07043287B1
公开(公告)日：2006-05-09
申请号：US09419461
申请日：1999-10-15
申请人： Omar S. Khalil , Shu-Jen Yeh , Xiaomao Wu , Stanislaw Kantor , Charles F. Hanna , Tzyy-Wen Jeng
发明人： Omar S. Khalil , Shu-Jen Yeh , Xiaomao Wu , Stanislaw Kantor , Charles F. Hanna , Tzyy-Wen Jeng
IPC分类号： A61B5/00
CPC分类号： A61B5/14532 , A61B5/0059 , A61B5/1455 , A61B5/1495 , A61B2562/0242
摘要： Devices and methods for non-invasively measuring at least one parameter of a sample, such as the presence of a disease condition, progression of a disease state, presence of an analyte, or concentration of an analyte, in a biological sample, such as, for example, a body part. In these devices and methods, temperature is controlled and is varied between preset boundaries. The methods and devices measure light that is reflected, scattered, absorbed, or emitted by the sample from an average sampling depth, dav, that is confined within a region in the sample wherein temperature is controlled. According to the method of this invention, the sampling depth dav, in human tissue is modified by changing the temperature of the tissue. The sampling depth increases as the temperature is lowered below the body core temperature and decreases when the temperature is raised within or above the body core temperature. Changing the temperature at the measurement site changes the light penetration depth in tissue and hence dav. Change in light penetration in tissue as a function of temperature can be used to estimate the presence of a disease condition, progression of a disease state, presence of an analyte, or concentration of an analyte in a biological sample. According to the method of this invention, an optical measurement is performed on a biological sample at a first temperature. Then, when the optical measurement is repeated at a second temperature, light will penetrate into the biological sample to a depth that is different from the depth to which light penetrates at the first temperature by from about 5% to about 20%.
摘要翻译：用于非侵入性地测量样品的至少一个参数的装置和方法，例如疾病状况的存在，疾病状态的进展，分析物的存在或分析物的浓度，例如，身体部位。在这些装置和方法中，控制温度并在预设的边界之间变化。方法和装置测量由样品中的平均采样深度d> av is is is is is is is measure measure measure measure measure measure measure measure measure measure measure measure measure measure measure or or wherein wherein wherein wherein wherein wherein。。。。。。。。根据本发明的方法，通过改变组织的温度来改变人体组织中的采样深度d>。。当温度降低到体芯温度以下时，采样深度增加，当温度升高到体芯内温度以上时，采样深度降低。改变测量部位的温度会改变组织中的光穿透深度，从而改变组织的光穿透深度。可以使用作为温度的函数的组织中的光穿透的变化来估计生物样品中疾病状况，疾病状态的进展，分析物的存在或分析物的浓度的存在。根据本发明的方法，在第一温度下对生物样品进行光学测量。然后，当在第二温度下重复光学测量时，光将穿透生物样品至与第一温度下的光渗透约5％至约20％的深度不同的深度。

5. 发明授权

US06241663B1 Method for improving non-invasive determination of the concentration of analytes in a biological sample 有权
公开(公告)号：US06241663B1
公开(公告)日：2001-06-05
申请号：US09302207
申请日：1999-04-29
申请人： Xiaomao Wu , Omar S. Khalil , Tzyy-Wen Jeng , Shu-Jen Yeh , Charles F. Hanna
发明人： Xiaomao Wu , Omar S. Khalil , Tzyy-Wen Jeng , Shu-Jen Yeh , Charles F. Hanna
IPC分类号： A61B500
CPC分类号： G01N21/4795 , A61B5/14532 , A61B5/14546 , A61B5/1455 , A61B5/1491 , A61B5/6824 , A61B2562/0233 , A61B2562/0242 , A61B2562/043
摘要： A method for determining the concentration of an analyte in a biological sample comprising the steps of: (1) providing an optical measuring instrument that comprises at least one thermally controllable optical measuring element that comes into contact with the surface of the biological sample; (2) applying an inert, thermally conductive, optically transparent coupling agent to the at least one optical measuring element or to the surface of the biological sample or both so that the coupling agent will be disposed at the interface of the surface of the biological sample and the at least one optical measuring element; (3) measuring optical properties of the biological sample by means of the optical measuring instrument; and (4) correlating the optical properties of the biological sample with the concentration of the analyte in the biological sample. A coupling agent suitable for this invention must have several properties to enable it to help decrease measurement variation, especially drift. One of the most important properties is sufficiently high optical stability that the optical properties of the coupling agent do not change even during prolonged experiments, such as oral glucose tolerance tests. Secondly, the coupling agent should have sufficiently high thermal conductivity to allow fast, efficient heat transfer between the optical probe and the biological sample. Third, the coupling agent should have sufficiently high viscosity to prevent it from migrating from the measurement area. Yet, it should also have sufficiently low viscosity to allow sufficient contact between the optical probe and the biological sample and to permeate into any small pockets between the probe and the biological sample that would otherwise be filled with the air. Fourth, the coupling agent should be inert. Material from the coupling agent should not diffuse into the biological sample and material from the biological sample should not diffuse into the coupling agent.

6. 发明授权

US06615061B1 Optical sensor having a selectable sampling distance for determination of analytes 有权
标题翻译：具有用于测定分析物的可选取样距离的光学传感器
公开(公告)号：US06615061B1
公开(公告)日：2003-09-02
申请号：US09366084
申请日：1999-08-03
申请人： Omar S. Khalil , Xiaomao Wu , Shu-jen Yeh , Charles F. Hanna , Stanislaw Kantor , Tzyy-Wen Jeng
发明人： Omar S. Khalil , Xiaomao Wu , Shu-jen Yeh , Charles F. Hanna , Stanislaw Kantor , Tzyy-Wen Jeng
IPC分类号： A61B500
CPC分类号： A61B5/1455 , A61B5/14532 , A61B2562/0233 , A61B2562/0242 , A61B2562/043 , G01N21/49
摘要： A method and apparatus for the measurement of trans-cutaneous diffuse reflectance at a single sampling distance for determining the concentration of an analyte in a biological sample, such as, for example, human tissue. The determination of the concentration of the analyte has been found to depend on the sampling distance and reaches an optimal result at a defined sampling distance for a given analyte and a given sample. The method involves measuring the light re-emitted from the sample at a distance from a light introduction site and correlating the intensity of the re-emitted light to the concentration of an analyte. For a given sample, the distance between the light collection site and a light introduction site (i.e., the sampling distance) corresponds to the depth from the surface into the sample at which scattering and absorption events significantly affect the intensity of re-emitted light (i.e., the sampling depth). Prior knowledge about the sample determines the optimal sampling depth for performing a measurement for a specific analyte and the corresponding sampling distance needed to reach that optimal sampling depth. Optimization of the sampling distance, as well as the correlation relationship, can be established in a calibration procedure.
摘要翻译：一种用于在单个采样距离处测量透皮漫反射率以确定生物样品（例如人体组织）中的分析物的浓度的方法和装置。已经发现分析物浓度的确定取决于采样距离，并且在给定分析物和给定样品的定义的采样距离处达到最佳结果。该方法包括测量从光引入位置一段距离处从样品再发射的光并将再发射的光的强度与分析物的浓度相关联。对于给定的样品，光采集位置和光引入位点之间的距离（即采样距离）对应于从表面到样品的深度，其中散射和吸收事件显着影响再发射光的强度（即采样深度）。关于样品的现有知识决定了对特定分析物进行测量的最佳采样深度以及达到该最佳采样深度所需的相应采样距离。可以在校准过程中建立采样距离的优化以及相关关系。

7. 发明授权

US06662030B2 Non-invasive sensor having controllable temperature feature 失效
标题翻译：具有可控温度特性的非侵入式传感器
公开(公告)号：US06662030B2
公开(公告)日：2003-12-09
申请号：US09080470
申请日：1998-05-18
申请人： Omar S. Khalil , Frits F. M. de Mul , Charles F. Hanna , Arnold F. Stalder , Shu-jen Yeh , Xiaomao Wu , Michael G. Lowery , Johannes S. Kanger , René A. Bolt
发明人： Omar S. Khalil , Frits F. M. de Mul , Charles F. Hanna , Arnold F. Stalder , Shu-jen Yeh , Xiaomao Wu , Michael G. Lowery , Johannes S. Kanger , René A. Bolt
IPC分类号： A61B500
CPC分类号： A61B5/1491 , A61B5/14532 , A61B5/14546 , A61B5/1455 , A61B5/6824 , A61B2562/0233 , A61B2562/0242 , A61B2562/043 , G01N21/4795
摘要： Devices and methods for non-invasively measuring at least one parameter of a sample, such as the presence or concentration of an analyte, in a body part wherein the temperature is controlled. The present invention measures light that is reflected, scattered, absorbed, or emitted by the sample from an average sampling depth, dav, that is confined within a temperature controlled region in the tissue. This average sampling depth is preferably less than 2 mm, and more preferably less than 1 mm. Confining the sampling depth into the tissue is achieved by appropriate selection of the separation between the source and the detector and the illumination wavelengths. In another aspect, the invention involves a method and apparatus for non-invasively measuring at least one parameter of a body part with temperature stepping. In another aspect, the invention involves a method and apparatus for non-invasively measuring at least one parameter of a body part with temperature modulation. In another aspect, the invention provides an improved method of measuring at least one parameter of a tissue sample comprising the steps of: (a) lowering the temperature of said tissue sample to a temperature that is lower than the normal physiological temperature of the body; and (b) determining at least one optical property of said tissue sample.
摘要翻译：用于非侵入性地测量样品的至少一个参数（例如分析物的存在或浓度）在其中控制温度的身体部位中的装置和方法。本发明测量被从组织中的温度控制区域内限定的平均采样深度dav反射，散射，吸收或发射的光。该平均采样深度优选小于2mm，更优选小于1mm。通过适当选择源和检测器之间的距离以及照明波长来实现将采样深度限制在组织中。在另一方面，本发明涉及一种用于非侵入性地测量具有温度步进的身体部位的至少一个参数的方法和装置。在另一方面，本发明涉及一种用于通过温度调制非侵入性地测量身体部位的至少一个参数的方法和装置。另一方面，本发明提供了一种测量组织样本的至少一个参数的改进方法，包括以下步骤：（a）将所述组织样本的温度降低到低于身体的正常生理温度的温度; 和（b）确定所述组织样品的至少一种光学性质。

8. 发明授权

US07167734B2 Method for optical measurements of tissue to determine disease state or concentration of an analyte 有权
标题翻译：用于光学测量组织以确定分析物的疾病状态或浓度的方法
公开(公告)号：US07167734B2
公开(公告)日：2007-01-23
申请号：US09834440
申请日：2001-04-13
申请人： Omar S. Khalil , Shu-jen Yeh , Stanislaw Kantor , Charles F. Hanna , Eric B. Shain
发明人： Omar S. Khalil , Shu-jen Yeh , Stanislaw Kantor , Charles F. Hanna , Eric B. Shain
IPC分类号： A61B5/00
CPC分类号： A61B5/1495 , A61B5/14532 , A61B5/1455 , A61B5/7264
摘要： A method for collecting optical data at two morphologically similar, substantially non-overlapping, and preferably adjacent, areas on the surface of a tissue, while the temperature in each area is being maintained or modulated according to a temperature program. The optical data obtained are inserted into a mathematical relationship, e.g., an algorithm, that can be used to predict a disease state (such as the diabetes mellitus disease state) or the concentration of an analyte for indicating a physical condition (such as blood glucose level). This invention can be used to differentiate between disease status, such as, for example, diabetic and non-diabetic. The method involves the generation of a calibration (or training) set that utilizes the relationship between optical signals emanating from the skin under different thermal stimuli and disease status, e.g., diabetic status, established clinically. This calibration set can be used to predict the disease state of other subjects. Structural changes, as well as circulatory changes, due to a disease state are determined at two morphologically similar, but substantially non-overlapping areas on the surface of human tissue, e.g., the skin of a forearm, with each area being subjected to different temperature modulation programs. In addition to determination of a disease state, this invention can also be used to determine the concentration of an analyte in the tissues. This invention also provides an apparatus for the determination of a disease state, such as diabetes, or concentration of an analyte, such as blood glucose level, by the method of this invention.
摘要翻译：一种用于在组织表面上的两个形态上类似的，基本上不重叠的，优选相邻的区域收集光学数据的方法，同时根据温度程序维持或调节每个区域中的温度。所获得的光学数据被插入到数学关系中，例如算法，其可用于预测疾病状态（例如糖尿病状态）或用于指示身体状况的分析物的浓度（例如血糖水平）。本发明可用于区分疾病状况，例如糖尿病和非糖尿病。该方法包括产生校准（或训练）组，其利用在不同热刺激下发生的光学信号与疾病状态（例如临床确立的糖尿病状态）之间的关系。该校准集可用于预测其他受试者的疾病状态。由于疾病状态引起的结构变化以及循环变化在人组织表面上的两个形态相似但基本上非重叠的区域确定，例如前臂的皮肤，每个区域经受不同的温度调制程序。除了确定疾病状态之外，本发明还可以用于确定组织中分析物的浓度。本发明还提供了一种用于通过本发明的方法测定疾病状态的装置，例如糖尿病或分析物的浓度，例如血糖水平。

9. 发明授权

US06353226B1 Non-invasive sensor capable of determining optical parameters in a sample having multiple layers 有权
标题翻译：能够确定具有多层的样品中的光学参数的非侵入式传感器
公开(公告)号：US06353226B1
公开(公告)日：2002-03-05
申请号：US09198094
申请日：1998-11-23
申请人： Omar S. Khalil , Xiaomao Wu , Johannes Sake Kanger , Rene′ Alexander Bolt , Shu-Jen Yeh , Charles F. Hanna , Frits Frans Maria de Mul
发明人： Omar S. Khalil , Xiaomao Wu , Johannes Sake Kanger , Rene′ Alexander Bolt , Shu-Jen Yeh , Charles F. Hanna , Frits Frans Maria de Mul
IPC分类号： A61B500
CPC分类号： A61B5/1455 , A61B5/14532 , A61B2562/0233 , A61B2562/0242 , A61B2562/043 , G01N21/49
摘要： Apparatus and method for non-invasively measuring at least one optical parameter of a sample, particularly a sample of tissue that comprises a plurality of layers. The at least one parameter can be used to determine the presence or concentration of an analyte of interest in the sample of tissue. The apparatus and method of the present invention (1) measure light that is substantially reflected, scattered, absorbed, or emitted from a shallower layer of the sample of tissue, (2) measure light that is substantially reflected, scattered, absorbed, or emitted from a deeper layer of the sample of tissue, (3) determine at least one optical parameter for each of these layers, and (4) account for the effect of the shallower layer on the at least one optical parameter of the deeper layer. Specifying the sampling depth allows determinations of the optical properties of a specific layer of the sample of the tissue, e.g., dermis, and decreases interference from other layers, e. g., stratum corneum and epidermis, in these determinations.
摘要翻译：用于非侵入性地测量样品，特别是包括多个层的组织样品的至少一个光学参数的装置和方法。可以使用至少一个参数来确定组织样品中感兴趣的分析物的存在或浓度。本发明的装置和方法（1）测量从组织样本的较浅层基本反射，散射，吸收或发射的光，（2）测量基本上被反射，散射，吸收或发射的光从组织样本的较深层，（3）确定这些层中的每一层的至少一个光学参数，以及（4）考虑较浅层对较深层的至少一个光学参数的影响。指定采样深度允许确定组织样品（例如真皮）的特定层的光学性质，并减少来自其它层的干扰，例如，在这些决定中，例如角质层和表皮。

10. 发明授权

US06630673B2 Non-invasive sensor capable of determining optical parameters in a sample having multiple layers 有权
公开(公告)号：US06630673B2
公开(公告)日：2003-10-07
申请号：US10036826
申请日：2001-12-21
申请人： Omar S. Khalil , Xiaomao Wu , Johannes Sake Kanger , Rene' Alexander Bolt , Shu-Jen Yeh , Charles F. Hanna , Frits Frans Maria de Mul
发明人： Omar S. Khalil , Xiaomao Wu , Johannes Sake Kanger , Rene' Alexander Bolt , Shu-Jen Yeh , Charles F. Hanna , Frits Frans Maria de Mul
IPC分类号： G01N2147
CPC分类号： A61B5/1455 , A61B5/14532 , A61B2562/0233 , A61B2562/0242 , A61B2562/043 , G01N21/49
摘要： Apparatus and method for non-invasively measuring at least one optical parameter of a sample, particularly a sample of tissue that comprises a plurality of layers. The at least one parameter can be used to determine the presence or concentration of an analyte of interest in the sample of tissue. The apparatus and method of the present invention (1) measure light that is substantially reflected, scattered, absorbed, or emitted from a shallower layer of the sample of tissue, (2) measure light that is substantially reflected, scattered, absorbed, or emitted from a deeper layer of the sample of tissue, (3) determine at least one optical parameter for each of these layers, and (4) account for the effect of the shallower layer on the at least one optical parameter of the deeper layer. Specifying the sampling depth allows determinations of the optical properties of a specific layer of the sample of the tissue, e.g., dermis, and decreases interference from other layers, e.g., stratum corneum and epidermis, in these determinations.

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