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1. 发明申请

US20120045670A1 AUXILIARY ELECTRODES FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS CONTAINING HIGH CAPACITY ACTIVE MATERIALS 审中-公开
标题翻译：用于含有高容量活性材料的电化学电池的辅助电极
公开(公告)号：US20120045670A1
公开(公告)日：2012-02-23
申请号：US13245530
申请日：2011-09-26
申请人： Constantin I. Stefan , Rainer J. Fasching , Gregory Alan Roberts , Ryan Kottenstette , Song Han , Ghyrn E. Loveness
发明人： Constantin I. Stefan , Rainer J. Fasching , Gregory Alan Roberts , Ryan Kottenstette , Song Han , Ghyrn E. Loveness
IPC分类号： H01M10/48 , H01M10/00 , H01M10/0525
CPC分类号： H01M4/0438 , H01M4/0421 , H01M4/134 , H01M4/1395 , H01M4/38 , H01M4/386 , H01M4/387 , H01M4/70 , H01M4/75 , H01M10/0525 , H01M10/0585 , H01M10/0587 , H01M2004/021 , H01M2004/025 , Y10T29/49108
摘要： Provided are novel electrochemical cells that include positive electrodes, negative electrodes containing high capacity active materials such as silicon, and auxiliary electrodes containing lithium. An auxiliary electrode is provided in the cell at least prior to its formation cycling and is used to supply lithium to the negative electrode. The auxiliary electrode may be then removed from the cell prior or after formation. The transfer of lithium to the negative electrode may be performed using a different electrolyte, a higher temperature, and/or a slower rate than during later operational cycling of the cell. After this transfer, the negative electrode may remain pre-lithiated during later cycling at least at a certain predetermined level. This pre-lithiation helps to cycle the cell at more optimal conditions and to some degree maintain this cycling performance over the operating life of the cell. Also provided are methods of fabricating such cells.
摘要翻译：提供了新颖的电化学电池，其包括正电极，含有高容量活性材料如硅的负电极和含锂的辅助电极。至少在其形成循环之前，在电池中提供辅助电极，并且用于向负极供应锂。然后可以在形成之前或之后从辅助电极中除去辅助电极。可以使用与电池的后续操作循环期间不同的电解质，更高的温度和/或更慢的速率来进行锂向负极的转移。在该转移之后，负电极可以在稍后循环期间至少保持预先确定的水平保持预锂化。该预锂化有助于在更优化的条件下循环电池，并在一定程度上保持电池的使用寿命中的循环性能。还提供了制造这种电池的方法。

2. 发明申请

US20120100438A1 COMPOSITE STRUCTURES CONTAINING HIGH CAPACITY POROUS ACTIVE MATERIALS CONSTRAINED IN SHELLS 有权
标题翻译：包含高容量多孔活性材料的复合结构
公开(公告)号：US20120100438A1
公开(公告)日：2012-04-26
申请号：US13277620
申请日：2011-10-20
申请人： Rainer J. Fasching , Zuqin Liu , Song Han , Ghyrn E. Loveness , Constantin I. Stefan
发明人： Rainer J. Fasching , Zuqin Liu , Song Han , Ghyrn E. Loveness , Constantin I. Stefan
IPC分类号： H01M4/134 , C23F1/00 , H01M10/0569 , B05D5/12 , H01M2/16 , H01M4/1395
CPC分类号： H01M4/0404 , H01M4/0428 , H01M4/0471 , H01M4/049 , H01M4/133 , H01M4/134 , H01M4/1393 , H01M4/1395 , H01M4/364 , H01M4/366 , H01M4/386 , H01M4/387 , H01M4/58 , H01M4/625 , H01M10/052 , H01M10/0525 , H01M10/52 , H01M2004/021 , H01M2004/027 , H01M2220/30 , Y02E60/122
摘要： Provided are novel electrode material composite structures containing high capacity active materials formed into porous base structures. The structures also include shells that encapsulate these porous base structures. During lithiation of the active material, the shell mechanically constrains the porous base structure. The shell allows lithium ions to pass through but prevents electrolyte solvents from interacting with the encapsulated active material. In certain embodiments, the shell contains carbon, while the porous base structure contains silicon. Although silicon tends to swell during lithiation, the porosity of the base structure and/or void spaces inside the shell helps to accommodate this additional volume within the shell without breaking it or substantially increasing the overall size of the composite structure. This allows integration of the composite structures into various types of battery electrodes and cycling high capacity active materials without damaging the electrodes' internal structures and deteriorating cycling characteristics of batteries.
摘要翻译：提供了包含形成多孔基底结构的高容量活性材料的新型电极材料复合结构。结构还包括封装这些多孔基底结构的壳。在活性物质的锂化期间，壳体机械地约束多孔基底结构。壳体允许锂离子通过，但是防止电解质溶剂与包封的活性材料相互作用。在某些实施方案中，壳包含碳，而多孔基底结构包含硅。虽然硅在锂化期间趋向于膨胀，但是壳体内的基础结构和/或空隙空间的孔隙度有助于在壳体内容纳该附加体积而不破坏壳体或基本上增加复合结构体的整体尺寸。这允许将复合结构集成到各种类型的电池电极中并循环高容量活性材料，而不损害电极的内部结构和劣化电池的循环特性。

3. 发明申请

US20110111300A1 INTERMEDIATE LAYERS FOR ELECTRODE FABRICATION 审中-公开
标题翻译：电极制造的中间层
公开(公告)号：US20110111300A1
公开(公告)日：2011-05-12
申请号：US12944576
申请日：2010-11-11
申请人： William S. DelHagen , Rainer J. Fasching , Ghyrn E. Loveness , Song Han , Eugene M. Berdichevsky , Constantin I. Stefan , Yi Cui , Mark C. Platshon
发明人： William S. DelHagen , Rainer J. Fasching , Ghyrn E. Loveness , Song Han , Eugene M. Berdichevsky , Constantin I. Stefan , Yi Cui , Mark C. Platshon
IPC分类号： H01M4/134 , H01M4/13 , H01M4/139 , B05D5/12
CPC分类号： H01M10/052 , H01M4/13 , H01M4/134 , H01M4/1395 , H01M4/366 , H01M4/661
摘要： Provided are novel electrodes for use in lithium ion batteries. An electrode includes one or more intermediate layers positioned between a substrate and an electrochemically active material. Intermediate layers may be made from chromium, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, nickel, molybdenum, lithium, as well as other materials and their combinations. An intermediate layer may protect the substrate, help to redistribute catalyst during deposition of the electrochemically active material, improve adhesion between the active material and substrate, and other purposes. In certain embodiments, an active material includes one or more high capacity active materials, such as silicon, tin, and germanium. These materials tend to swell during cycling and may loose mechanical and/or electrical connection to the substrate. A flexible intermediate layer may compensate for swelling and provide a robust adhesion interface. Provided also are novel methods of fabricating electrodes containing one or more intermediate layers.
摘要翻译：提供用于锂离子电池的新型电极。电极包括位于基底和电化学活性材料之间的一个或多个中间层。中间层可以由铬，钛，钽，钨，镍，钼，锂以及其它材料及其组合制成。中间层可以保护基底，有助于在电化学活性材料的沉积期间重新分布催化剂，改善活性材料和基底之间的粘附性以及其它目的。在某些实施方案中，活性材料包括一种或多种高容量活性材料，例如硅，锡和锗。这些材料在循环过程中倾向于膨胀，并可能导致与基底的机械和/或电连接。柔性中间层可以补偿溶胀并提供牢固的粘合界面。还提供了制造包含一个或多个中间层的电极的新方法。

4. 发明授权

US09209456B2 Composite structures containing high capacity porous active materials constrained in shells 有权
标题翻译：含有大量能量多孔活性物质的复合结构受壳体约束
公开(公告)号：US09209456B2
公开(公告)日：2015-12-08
申请号：US13277620
申请日：2011-10-20
申请人： Rainer J. Fasching , Zuqin Liu , Song Han , Ghyrn E. Loveness , Constantin I. Stefan
发明人： Rainer J. Fasching , Zuqin Liu , Song Han , Ghyrn E. Loveness , Constantin I. Stefan
IPC分类号： H01M4/36 , H01M4/133 , H01M4/134 , H01M4/1393 , H01M4/1395 , H01M4/62 , H01M10/052 , H01M4/02
CPC分类号： H01M4/0404 , H01M4/0428 , H01M4/0471 , H01M4/049 , H01M4/133 , H01M4/134 , H01M4/1393 , H01M4/1395 , H01M4/364 , H01M4/366 , H01M4/386 , H01M4/387 , H01M4/58 , H01M4/625 , H01M10/052 , H01M10/0525 , H01M10/52 , H01M2004/021 , H01M2004/027 , H01M2220/30 , Y02E60/122
摘要： Provided are novel electrode material composite structures containing high capacity active materials formed into porous base structures. The structures also include shells that encapsulate these porous base structures. During lithiation of the active material, the shell mechanically constrains the porous base structure. The shell allows lithium ions to pass through but prevents electrolyte solvents from interacting with the encapsulated active material. In certain embodiments, the shell contains carbon, while the porous base structure contains silicon. Although silicon tends to swell during lithiation, the porosity of the base structure and/or void spaces inside the shell helps to accommodate this additional volume within the shell without breaking it or substantially increasing the overall size of the composite structure. This allows integration of the composite structures into various types of battery electrodes and cycling high capacity active materials without damaging the electrodes' internal structures and deteriorating cycling characteristics of batteries.
摘要翻译：提供了包含形成多孔基底结构的高容量活性材料的新型电极材料复合结构。结构还包括封装这些多孔基底结构的壳。在活性物质的锂化期间，壳体机械地约束多孔基底结构。壳体允许锂离子通过，但是防止电解质溶剂与包封的活性材料相互作用。在某些实施方案中，壳包含碳，而多孔基底结构包含硅。虽然硅在锂化期间趋向于膨胀，但是壳体内的基础结构和/或空隙空间的孔隙度有助于在壳体内容纳该附加体积而不破坏壳体或基本上增加复合结构体的整体尺寸。这允许将复合结构集成到各种类型的电池电极中并循环高容量活性材料，而不损害电极的内部结构和劣化电池的循环特性。

5. 发明授权

US08637185B2 Open structures in substrates for electrodes 有权
标题翻译：用于电极的基板中的开放结构
公开(公告)号：US08637185B2
公开(公告)日：2014-01-28
申请号：US12944596
申请日：2010-11-11
申请人： Eugene M. Berdichevsky , Song Han , Yi Cui , Rainer J. Fasching , Ghyrn E. Loveness , William S. DelHagen , Mark C. Platshon
发明人： Eugene M. Berdichevsky , Song Han , Yi Cui , Rainer J. Fasching , Ghyrn E. Loveness , William S. DelHagen , Mark C. Platshon
IPC分类号： H01M4/38
CPC分类号： H01M4/134 , H01M4/0428 , H01M4/1395 , H01M4/38 , H01M4/661 , H01M4/669 , H01M4/74 , H01M4/742 , H01M4/808
摘要： Provided are conductive substrates having open structures and fractional void volumes of at least about 25% or, more specifically, or at least about 50% for use in lithium ion batteries. Nanostructured active materials are deposited over such substrates to form battery electrodes. The fractional void volume may help to accommodate swelling of some active materials during cycling. In certain embodiments, overall outer dimensions of the electrode remain substantially the same during cycling, while internal open spaces of the conductive substrate provide space for any volumetric changes in the nanostructured active materials. In specific embodiments, a nanoscale layer of silicon is deposited over a metallic mesh to form a negative electrode. In another embodiment, a conductive substrate is a perforated sheet with multiple openings, such that a nanostructured active material is deposited into the openings but not on the external surfaces of the sheet.
摘要翻译：提供了具有至少约25％，或更具体地至少约50％的具有开放结构和分数空隙体积的导电基底，用于锂离子电池。纳米结构的活性材料沉积在这样的衬底上以形成电池电极。在循环过程中，分数空隙体积有助于适应一些活性物质的溶胀。在某些实施例中，电极的整个外部尺寸在循环过程中保持基本相同，而导电衬底的内部开放空间为纳米结构活性材料中的任何体积变化提供了空间。在具体实施方案中，将纳米级的硅层沉积在金属网上以形成负电极。在另一个实施例中，导电衬底是具有多个开口的穿孔片，使得纳米结构的活性材料沉积到开口中而不是在片的外表面上。

6. 发明申请

US20110111296A1 OPEN STRUCTURES IN SUBSTRATES FOR ELECTRODES 有权
标题翻译：电极基板的开放结构
公开(公告)号：US20110111296A1
公开(公告)日：2011-05-12
申请号：US12944596
申请日：2010-11-11
申请人： Eugene M. Berdichevsky , Song Han , Yi Cui , Rainer J. Fasching , Ghyrn E. Loveness , William S. DelHagen , Mark C. Platshon
发明人： Eugene M. Berdichevsky , Song Han , Yi Cui , Rainer J. Fasching , Ghyrn E. Loveness , William S. DelHagen , Mark C. Platshon
IPC分类号： H01M4/38 , H01M4/70 , H01M4/66 , B05D5/12
CPC分类号： H01M4/134 , H01M4/0428 , H01M4/1395 , H01M4/38 , H01M4/661 , H01M4/669 , H01M4/74 , H01M4/742 , H01M4/808
摘要： Provided are conductive substrates having open structures and fractional void volumes of at least about 25% or, more specifically, or at least about 50% for use in lithium ion batteries. Nanostructured active materials are deposited over such substrates to form battery electrodes. The fractional void volume may help to accommodate swelling of some active materials during cycling. In certain embodiments, overall outer dimensions of the electrode remain substantially the same during cycling, while internal open spaces of the conductive substrate provide space for any volumetric changes in the nanostructured active materials. In specific embodiments, a nanoscale layer of silicon is deposited over a metallic mesh to form a negative electrode. In another embodiment, a conductive substrate is a perforated sheet with multiple openings, such that a nanostructured active material is deposited into the openings but not on the external surfaces of the sheet.
摘要翻译：提供了具有至少约25％，或更具体地至少约50％的具有开放结构和分数空隙体积的导电基底，用于锂离子电池。纳米结构的活性材料沉积在这样的衬底上以形成电池电极。在循环过程中，分数空隙体积有助于适应一些活性物质的溶胀。在某些实施例中，电极的整个外部尺寸在循环过程中保持基本相同，而导电衬底的内部开放空间为纳米结构化活性材料中的任何体积变化提供了空间。在具体实施方案中，将纳米级的硅层沉积在金属网上以形成负电极。在另一个实施例中，导电衬底是具有多个开口的穿孔片，使得纳米结构的活性材料沉积到开口中而不是在片的外表面上。

7. 发明申请

US20110287318A1 MULTIDIMENSIONAL ELECTROCHEMICALLY ACTIVE STRUCTURES FOR BATTERY ELECTRODES 有权
标题翻译：用于电池电极的多电子电化学活性结构
公开(公告)号：US20110287318A1
公开(公告)日：2011-11-24
申请号：US13114413
申请日：2011-05-24
申请人： Ghyrn E. Loveness , Constantin I. Stefan , Song Han
发明人： Ghyrn E. Loveness , Constantin I. Stefan , Song Han
IPC分类号： H01M4/58 , B05D5/12 , C23C28/00 , C25D7/12 , H01M4/04 , C23C8/80 , B82Y99/00 , B82Y40/00
CPC分类号： H01M4/38 , H01M4/0428 , H01M4/134 , H01M4/1395 , H01M4/366 , H01M4/386 , H01M4/387 , H01M4/587 , H01M4/622 , H01M4/66 , H01M4/661 , H01M4/667 , H01M4/70 , H01M4/75 , H01M10/0525 , Y02E60/122 , Y10T29/49115
摘要： Provided are novel multidimensional electrode structures containing high capacity active materials for use in rechargeable electrochemical cells. These structures include main support structures and multiple nanowires attached to the support structures and extending into different directions away from these supports. The active material may be deposited as a layer (uniform or non-uniform) surrounding the nanowires and, in certain embodiments, the main supports and even substrate. The active material layer may be sufficiently thin to prevent pulverization of the layer at given operating conditions. Interconnections between the electrode structures and/or substrate may be provided by overlaps formed during deposition of the active layer. Silicide-based nano wires structures may be formed on the main supports in a fluidized bed reactor by suspending the metal-containing main supports in a silicon-containing process gas. A layer of silicon may be then deposited over these silicide nanowires.
摘要翻译：提供了包含用于可再充电电化学电池的高容量活性材料的新颖的多维电极结构。这些结构包括主支撑结构和附接到支撑结构并延伸到远离这些支撑的不同方向的多个纳米线。活性材料可以作为围绕纳米线的层（均匀或不均匀）沉积，并且在某些实施方案中可以沉积在主载体和甚至基底上。活性材料层可以足够薄以防止在给定操作条件下的层的粉碎。可以通过在活性层的沉积期间形成的重叠来提供电极结构和/或衬底之间的互连。可以通过将含金属的主载体悬浮在含硅工艺气体中，在流化床反应器中的主要载体上形成基于硅化物的纳米线结构。然后可以在这些硅化物纳米线上沉积一层硅。

8. 发明授权

US09172088B2 Multidimensional electrochemically active structures for battery electrodes 有权
标题翻译：电池电极的多维电化学活性结构
公开(公告)号：US09172088B2
公开(公告)日：2015-10-27
申请号：US13114413
申请日：2011-05-24
申请人： Ghyrn E. Loveness , Constantin I. Stefan , Song Han
发明人： Ghyrn E. Loveness , Constantin I. Stefan , Song Han
IPC分类号： H01M4/04 , H01M4/58 , B05D5/12 , H01M4/38 , H01M4/134 , H01M4/1395 , H01M4/36 , H01M4/62 , H01M4/66 , H01M4/70 , H01M4/75 , H01M4/587 , H01M10/0525
CPC分类号： H01M4/38 , H01M4/0428 , H01M4/134 , H01M4/1395 , H01M4/366 , H01M4/386 , H01M4/387 , H01M4/587 , H01M4/622 , H01M4/66 , H01M4/661 , H01M4/667 , H01M4/70 , H01M4/75 , H01M10/0525 , Y02E60/122 , Y10T29/49115
摘要： Provided are novel multidimensional electrode structures containing high capacity active materials for use in rechargeable electrochemical cells. These structures include main support structures and multiple nanowires attached to the support structures and extending into different directions away from these supports. The active material may be deposited as a layer (uniform or non-uniform) surrounding the nanowires and, in certain embodiments, the main supports and even substrate. The active material layer may be sufficiently thin to prevent pulverization of the layer at given operating conditions. Interconnections between the electrode structures and/or substrate may be provided by overlaps formed during deposition of the active layer. Silicide-based nano wires structures may be formed on the main supports in a fluidized bed reactor by suspending the metal-containing main supports in a silicon-containing process gas. A layer of silicon may be then deposited over these silicide nanowires.
摘要翻译：提供了包含用于可再充电电化学电池的高容量活性材料的新颖的多维电极结构。这些结构包括主支撑结构和附接到支撑结构并延伸到远离这些支撑的不同方向的多个纳米线。活性材料可以作为围绕纳米线的层（均匀或不均匀）沉积，并且在某些实施方案中可以沉积在主载体和甚至基底上。活性材料层可以足够薄以防止在给定操作条件下的层的粉碎。可以通过在活性层的沉积期间形成的重叠来提供电极结构和/或衬底之间的互连。可以通过将含金属的主载体悬浮在含硅工艺气体中，在流化床反应器中的主要载体上形成基于硅化物的纳米线结构。然后可以在这些硅化物纳米线上沉积一层硅。

9. 发明授权

US09112212B1 Forming multilayered solid electrolyte interphase structures on high capacity electrodes 有权
标题翻译：在高容量电极上形成多层固体电解质相间结构
公开(公告)号：US09112212B1
公开(公告)日：2015-08-18
申请号：US13281252
申请日：2011-10-25
申请人： Rainer J Fasching , Gregory Alan Roberts , Yi Cui , Song Han
发明人： Rainer J Fasching , Gregory Alan Roberts , Yi Cui , Song Han
IPC分类号： H01M4/134 , H01M4/02
CPC分类号： H01M4/134 , H01M4/02 , H01M4/366 , H01M2004/021
摘要： Provided are novel methods of fabricating electrochemical cells containing high capacity active materials that form multilayered solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) structures on the active material surface during cell fabrication. Combining multiple different SEI layers on one surface can substantially improve cell performance by providing each layer with different properties. For example, an outer layer having a high electronic resistance may be combined with an inner layer having a high ionic permeability. To form such multilayered SEI structures, formation may involve changing electrolyte composition, functionalizing surfaces, and/or varying formation conditions. For example, formation may start with a boron containing electrolyte. This initial electrolyte is then replaced with an electrolyte that does not contain boron and instead may contain fluorine additives. In certain embodiments, cell's temperature is changed during formation to initiate different chemical reactions during SEI formation. Variations in multilayered SEI structures may be also achieved by varying current rates.
摘要翻译：提供了在电池制造期间在活性材料表面上形成含有高容量活性材料的电化学电池的新颖方法，其在活性材料表面上形成多层固体电解质间相（SEI）结构。在一个表面上组合多个不同的SEI层可以通过提供每个层具有不同的性质来显着改善电池的性能。例如，具有高电子电阻的外层可以与具有高离子渗透性的内层组合。为了形成这种多层SEI结构，形成可能涉及改变电解质组成，官能化表面和/或变化的形成条件。例如，可以用含硼电解质开始形成。然后用不含硼的电解质替代该初始电解质，并且可以含有氟添加剂。在某些实施方案中，细胞的温度在形成过程中改变，以在SEI形成过程中引发不同的化学反应。多层SEI结构的变化也可以通过改变当前速率来实现。

10. 发明申请

US20110171502A1 VARIABLE CAPACITY CELL ASSEMBLY 审中-公开
标题翻译：可变容量电池组件
公开(公告)号：US20110171502A1
公开(公告)日：2011-07-14
申请号：US13004737
申请日：2011-01-11
申请人： Ryan J. Kottenstette , Eugene Berdichevsky , Constantin I. Stefan , Gregory Alan Roberts , Song Han , Yi Cui
发明人： Ryan J. Kottenstette , Eugene Berdichevsky , Constantin I. Stefan , Gregory Alan Roberts , Song Han , Yi Cui
IPC分类号： H01M10/42 , H01M10/04 , H01M10/26 , H02J7/04
CPC分类号： H01M4/505 , H01M4/131 , H01M4/134 , H01M4/362 , H01M4/485 , H01M4/525 , H01M10/049 , H01M10/0525 , H01M10/446 , H01M2004/021 , Y10T29/49108 , Y10T29/4911
摘要： Electrochemical cells containing nanostructured negative active materials and composite positive active materials and methods of fabricating such electrochemical cells are provided. Positive active materials may have inactive components and active components. Inactive components may be activated and release additional lithium ions, which may offset some irreversible capacity losses in the electrochemical cells. In certain embodiments, the activation releases lithium ion having a columbic content of at least about 400 mAh/g based on the weight of the activated material.
摘要翻译：提供含有纳米结构负极活性材料和复合正极活性材料的电化学电池以及制造这种电化学电池的方法。正活性材料可以具有非活性组分和活性组分。非活性组分可以被活化并释放额外的锂离子，这可以抵消电化学电池中的一些不可逆的容量损失。在某些实施方案中，基于活化材料的重量，活化释放具有至少约400mAh / g的骨架含量的锂离子。

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