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1. 发明授权

US08718586B2 Apparatus for enhancing the dynamic range of shockline-based sampling receivers 有权
标题翻译：用于增强基于冲击线的采样接收器的动态范围的装置
公开(公告)号：US08718586B2
公开(公告)日：2014-05-06
申请号：US12495280
申请日：2009-06-30
申请人： Jon Martens , Karam Michael Noujeim
发明人： Jon Martens , Karam Michael Noujeim
IPC分类号： H04B7/00
CPC分类号： G01R27/32
摘要： Shockline-based samplers of a vector-network analyzer (VNA) have enhanced dynamic range by using a dynamic bias network applied to the non-linear transmission lines (NLTLs) or shocklines. The bias voltage applied to the NLTL provides direct control over the falling-edge shockline compression, and thus the insertion loss and overall RF bandwidth of the sampler. Alternating between a forward bias voltage to turn off a shockline sampler when it is not needed and thereby reducing spurious generation and improving isolation can be alternatively applied with a reverse bias voltage to turn on the shockline sampler in a normal operation mode. By measuring the shockline output and providing feedback in the reverse-bias mode, the bias voltage can be dynamically adjusted to significantly increase the performance of the NLTL based sampler. In the presence of a strong positive bias voltage, the incoming LO and its harmonics experience large ohmic losses thus preventing gating pulses from forming in the shockline. The ohmic losses enable strong isolation between the LO sampling channels and will increase spectral purity at the VNA test ports.
摘要翻译：矢量网络分析仪（VNA）的基于Shockline的采样器通过使用应用于非线性传输线（NLTL）或冲击线的动态偏置网络来增强动态范围。施加到NLTL的偏置电压可以直接控制下降沿冲击线压缩，从而提供采样器的插入损耗和总体RF带宽。在不需要冲击线采样器的正向偏置电压之间进行交替，从而减少杂散产生和改善隔离，可替代地以反向偏置电压施加以在正常操作模式下打开冲击线采样器。通过测量冲击线输出并在反向偏置模式下提供反馈，可以动态调整偏置电压，以显着提高基于NLTL的采样器的性能。在存在强正偏压的情况下，输入LO及其谐波经历大的欧姆损耗，从而防止在冲击线中形成门控脉冲。欧姆损耗可实现LO采样通道之间的强大隔离，并将提高VNA测试端口的光谱纯度。

2. 发明授权

US07746052B2 Apparatus for extending the bandwidth of a spectrum analyzer 有权
标题翻译：用于扩展频谱分析仪带宽的装置
公开(公告)号：US07746052B2
公开(公告)日：2010-06-29
申请号：US11873169
申请日：2007-10-16
申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim
发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim
IPC分类号： G01R23/00
CPC分类号： G01R23/16
摘要： A spectrum analyzer is provided with frequency-scalable circuit architectures that extend the bandwidth of the spectrum analyzer using an array of couplers. The array of couplers is distributed along the RF signal path at one end, and interfaced to one or more frequency-translation devices such as mixers or samplers at the other. In a first architecture, a single mixer is employed with an LO signal applied to one input and coupler outputs providing RF signals to another input, with switching controlled to select one coupler's RF output to provide to the mixer. In a second architecture, a separate mixer is used, one for each coupler RF signal, with switches selecting one of the mixer IF outputs to select a desired output frequency. Both the first and second embodiments eliminate switching and its associated loss and frequency limitations from the main RF signal path to enable wideband high-dynamic-range spectrum analysis.
摘要翻译：频谱分析仪具有频率可升级的电路架构，可使用耦合器阵列扩展频谱分析仪的带宽。耦合器阵列在一端沿着RF信号路径分布，并且在另一端与一个或多个频率转换装置（例如混频器或采样器）相连。在第一架构中，使用单个混频器，其中LO信号施加到一个输入端，耦合器输出向另一个输入端提供RF信号，开关控制选择一个耦合器的RF输出以提供给混频器。在第二架构中，使用单独的混频器，一个用于每个耦合器RF信号，开关选择混频器IF输出之一以选择期望的输出频率。第一和第二实施例都从主RF信号路径消除了切换及其相关联的损耗和频率限制，以实现宽带高动态范围频谱分析。

3. 发明授权

US07705582B2 Broadband micro-machined thermal power sensor 有权
标题翻译：宽带微加工热功率传感器
公开(公告)号：US07705582B2
公开(公告)日：2010-04-27
申请号：US11735879
申请日：2007-04-16
申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim
发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim
IPC分类号： G01R23/04 , G01R25/02 , G01N25/00 , G01J5/00
CPC分类号： G01K17/00 , G01J5/12 , G01K17/006 , G01R21/04
摘要： A power sensor includes a substrate, an aperture within the substrate, a membrane formed over at least a portion of the substrate and extending over the aperture, and an electro-thermal transducer partially supported by the insulating membrane. The electro-thermal transducer includes an impedance matched, bifurcated load supported over the aperture by the insulating membrane, and a thermopile extending over the aperture and supported by the insulating membrane, the thermopile being adapted to generate a voltage in response to heat generated in the impedance matched, bifurcated load. A signal conductor is electrically connected with one end of the impedance matched, bifurcated load to guide electromagnetic signals to the load, and a conductive under-layer stratified from the signal conductor by an intermediary dielectric is connected with an opposite end of the impedance matched, bifurcated load to act as a ground plane.
摘要翻译：功率传感器包括衬底，衬底内的孔，形成在衬底的至少一部分上并在孔上方延伸的膜以及由绝缘膜部分支撑的电热换能器。电热换能器包括由绝缘膜支撑在孔上的阻抗匹配的分叉载荷，以及在孔上延伸并由绝缘膜支撑的热电堆，热电堆适于响应于在阻抗匹配，分叉负载。信号导体与阻抗匹配的分叉负载的一端电连接以将电磁信号引导到负载，并且通过中间介质从信号导体分层的导电下层与阻抗匹配的相对端连接，分叉负载作为地平面。

4. 发明授权

US08417189B2 Frequency-scalable shockline-based VNA 有权
标题翻译：基于频率可扩展的基于冲击线的VNA
公开(公告)号：US08417189B2
公开(公告)日：2013-04-09
申请号：US12813337
申请日：2010-06-10
申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim , Jon S. Martens
发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim , Jon S. Martens
IPC分类号： H04B17/00 , G01R19/00
CPC分类号： G01R31/2841 , G01R27/32
摘要： A high-frequency VNA system is provided using non-linear transmission line (NLTL or shockline) based samplers configured to provide scalable operation characteristics. Scaling to adjust noise performance vs. frequency is accomplished as follows: (1) increasing or decreasing the fall time of a shockline's output voltage waveform. This is accomplished by changing the number of Schottky varactors in a shockline, as well as changing the shockline's Bragg cutoff frequency by setting the spacing between Schottky varactors; (2) changing the structure of the pulse-forming network connected with the sampler by changing the length of the differentiator arms in the sampler pulse-forming network; and (3) changing the LO signal frequency applied to the shockline. Multiple NLTL based samplers are multiplexed to form a broadband reflectometer with the multiplexing circuitry selectively connecting one of the NLTL based sampler segments at a time to allow user selection of a desired performance vs. frequency response for each segment.
摘要翻译：使用基于非线性传输线（NLTL或冲击线）的采样器提供高频VNA系统，其被配置为提供可扩展的操作特性。调整噪声性能与频率的比例可达到以下几点：（1）增加或减少冲击线输出电压波形的下降时间。这是通过改变冲击线中肖特基变容二极管的数量，以及通过设置肖特基变容二极管之间的间距来改变冲击线的布拉格截止频率来实现的。（2）通过改变采样器脉冲形成网络中的微分器臂的长度来改变与取样器连接的脉冲形成网络的结构; 和（3）改变施加到冲击线的LO信号频率。多个基于NLTL的采样器被多路复用以形成宽带反射计，多路复用电路一次有选择地连接一个基于NLTL的采样器段，以允许用户选择每个段的期望性能与频率响应。

5. 发明申请

US20110304318A1 FREQUENCY-SCALABLE SHOCKLINE-BASED SIGNAL-SOURCE EXTENSIONS 审中-公开
标题翻译：基于频率可调的基于信号源的信号源扩展
公开(公告)号：US20110304318A1
公开(公告)日：2011-12-15
申请号：US13101910
申请日：2011-05-05
申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim , Jon S. Martens
发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim , Jon S. Martens
IPC分类号： G01R23/16
CPC分类号： G01R31/2841 , G01R27/32
摘要： A system is provided using one or more shocklines or non-linear transmission lines (NLTLs) to extend the bandwidth of an RF signal source. Extension of the RF bandwidth is achieved by means of multiplexing as well as frequency scaling. Frequency scaling tailors the performance of each NLTL for operation in a particular output frequency band(s) by adjusting the varactor spacing in the NLTL. Multiplexing amalgamates the output frequency bands of one or more NLTLs, thus resulting in a broad output frequency range.
摘要翻译：使用一个或多个冲击线或非线性传输线（NLTL）提供系统以扩展RF信号源的带宽。通过多路复用和频率缩放来实现RF带宽的扩展。频率定标通过调整NLTL中的变容二极管间距来调整每个NLTL的性能，以便在特定输出频带中进行操作。多路复用将一个或多个NLTL的输出频带合并，从而导致广泛的输出频率范围。

6. 发明申请

US20080094072A1 APPARATUS FOR EXTENDING THE BANDWIDTH OF VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER RECEIVERS 有权
标题翻译：用于扩展矢量网络分析仪接收端的装置
公开(公告)号：US20080094072A1
公开(公告)日：2008-04-24
申请号：US11853716
申请日：2007-09-11
申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim
发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim
IPC分类号： G01R27/32
CPC分类号： G01R23/04 , G01R27/04 , G01R27/32
摘要： A system for measuring a frequency response of an electrical network, comprises a signal source, a signal source path, a reflectometer receiver interactively associated with the signal source path by a directional coupler, and one or more additional reflectometer receivers arranged in series along the signal source path and associated with the signal source path by one or more respective additional directional couplers. The directional coupler and one or more respective additional directional couplers operate at different frequency ranges.
摘要翻译：用于测量电网的频率响应的系统包括信号源，信号源路径，与定向耦合器与信号源路径交互地相关联的反射计接收器，以及沿信号串联布置的一个或多个附加反射计接收器源路径并且由一个或多个相应的附加定向耦合器与信号源路径相关联。定向耦合器和一个或多个相应的附加定向耦合器在不同的频率范围内工作。

7. 发明授权

US07088111B2 Enhanced isolation level between sampling channels in a vector network analyzer 有权
标题翻译：增强矢量网络分析仪中采样通道之间的隔离度
公开(公告)号：US07088111B2
公开(公告)日：2006-08-08
申请号：US10435448
申请日：2003-05-09
申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim
发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim
IPC分类号： G01R27/28 , G01R27/04 , G01R13/14
CPC分类号： G01R27/32
摘要： A system and method for providing improved isolation between sampling channels in a vector network analyzer and sampling circuit. A vector network analyzer sampling channel includes a non-linear transmission line, an isolation device, a band-pass filter, and a sampler. The nonlinear transmission line receives a continuous-wave driving signal and generates a shockwave from which a pulse signal is generated. The pulse signal is used to gate the sampler and thus sample an RF signal. The isolation device and band-pass filter provide reverse isolation for RF signals traveling in the reverse direction within the channel and prevent RF signal leakage between vector network analyzer channels. The isolation device may include an isolator, amplifier or other reverse isolation device, and is used in conjunction with a band-pass filter. The band-pass filter is used to pass a frequency band for driving the non-linear transmission line. The stop-bands of the band-pass filter are used to prevent the RF leakage signal from reaching other sampling channels.
摘要翻译：一种用于在矢量网络分析仪和采样电路中提取采样通道之间改进隔离的系统和方法。矢量网络分析器采样通道包括非线性传输线，隔离装置，带通滤波器和采样器。非线性传输线接收连续波驱动信号并产生产生脉冲信号的冲击波。脉冲信号用于对采样器进行选通，从而对RF信号进行采样。隔离器件和带通滤波器为通道内反向传播的RF信号提供反向隔离，并防止矢量网络分析仪通道之间的RF信号泄漏。隔离装置可以包括隔离器，放大器或其它反向隔离装置，并且与带通滤波器结合使用。带通滤波器用于通过用于驱动非线性传输线的频带。带通滤波器的阻带用于防止RF泄漏信号到达其他采样通道。

8. 发明授权

US06894581B2 Monolithic nonlinear transmission lines and sampling circuits with reduced shock-wave-to-surface-wave coupling 有权
标题翻译：具有减小的冲击波对地波耦合的单片非线性传输线和采样电路
公开(公告)号：US06894581B2
公开(公告)日：2005-05-17
申请号：US10439563
申请日：2003-05-16
申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim
发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim
IPC分类号： H01P3/00 , H01P3/08 , G02F1/39
CPC分类号： H01P3/003
摘要： A monolithic non-linear transmission line and sampling circuit with reduced shock-wave-to-surface-wave coupling are presented herein. In coplanar-waveguide (CPW) technology, this reduced coupling is achieved by selecting properly the thickness of the semiconductor substrate, and by elevating the center conductor of the CPW above the substrate surface. The elevated center conductor is supported by means of conducting posts, and may be backed by a low-loss dielectric such as polyimide or silicon nitride. In coplanar-strip (CPS) technology, the reduction in coupling between shock waves and surface waves is achieved by controlling the substrate thickness as in the CPW case, and by elevating the coplanar strips above the substrate surface. The elevated strips are supported by a low-loss dielectric. The reduced coupling in both guiding media enhances the high-frequency performance of nonlinear-transmission-line-based circuits. The semiconductor devices loading the CPW or CPS transmission lines may be Schottky diodes or some other type of variable-reactance device.
摘要翻译：本文提出了具有减小的冲击波对表面波耦合的单片非线性传输线和采样电路。在共面波导（CPW）技术中，通过适当地选择半导体衬底的厚度，并通过将衬底表面上方的CPW的中心导体升高来实现这种减小的耦合。升高的中心导体通过导柱支撑，并且可以由诸如聚酰亚胺或氮化硅的低损耗电介质支撑。在共面条（CPS）技术中，冲击波和表面波之间的耦合减少是通过控制基板厚度来实现的，如在CPW情况下，并且通过将共面条提升到基板表面之上。升高的条带由低损耗电介质支撑。两种导向介质中的减少耦合增强了非线性传输线路电路的高频性能。加载CPW或CPS传输线的半导体器件可以是肖特基二极管或一些其它类型的可变电抗器件。

9. 发明申请

US20100330944A1 APPARATUS FOR ENHANCING THE DYNAMIC RANGE OF SHOCKLINE-BASED SAMPLING RECEIVERS 有权
标题翻译：用于增强基于触发线的采样接收机的动态范围的装置
公开(公告)号：US20100330944A1
公开(公告)日：2010-12-30
申请号：US12495280
申请日：2009-06-30
申请人： Jon Martens , Karam Michael Noujeim
发明人： Jon Martens , Karam Michael Noujeim
IPC分类号： H04B7/00
CPC分类号： G01R27/32
摘要： Shockline-based samplers of a vector-network analyzer (VNA) have enhanced dynamic range by using a dynamic bias network applied to the non-linear transmission lines (NLTLs) or shocklines. The bias voltage applied to the NLTL provides direct control over the falling-edge shockline compression, and thus the insertion loss and overall RF bandwidth of the sampler. Alternating between a forward bias voltage to turn off a shockline sampler when it is not needed and thereby reducing spurious generation and improving isolation can be alternatively applied with a reverse bias voltage to turn on the shockline sampler in a normal operation mode. By measuring the shockline output and providing feedback in the reverse-bias mode, the bias voltage can be dynamically adjusted to significantly increase the performance of the NLTL based sampler. In the presence of a strong positive bias voltage, the incoming LO and its harmonics experience large ohmic losses thus preventing gating pulses from forming in the shockline. The ohmic losses enable strong isolation between the LO sampling channels and will increase spectral purity at the VNA test ports.
摘要翻译：矢量网络分析仪（VNA）的基于Shockline的采样器通过使用应用于非线性传输线（NLTL）或冲击线的动态偏置网络来增强动态范围。施加到NLTL的偏置电压可以直接控制下降沿冲击线压缩，从而提供采样器的插入损耗和总体RF带宽。在不需要冲击线采样器的正向偏置电压之间进行交替，从而减少杂散产生和改善隔离，可替代地以反向偏置电压施加以在正常操作模式下打开冲击线采样器。通过测量冲击线输出并在反向偏置模式下提供反馈，可以动态调整偏置电压，以显着提高基于NLTL的采样器的性能。在存在强正偏压的情况下，输入LO及其谐波经历大的欧姆损耗，从而防止在冲击线中形成门控脉冲。欧姆损耗可实现LO采样通道之间的强大隔离，并将提高VNA测试端口的光谱纯度。

10. 发明授权

US07764141B2 Interleaved non-linear transmission lines for simultaneous rise and fall time compression 有权
标题翻译：用于同时上升和下降时间压缩的交错非线性传输线
公开(公告)号：US07764141B2
公开(公告)日：2010-07-27
申请号：US11860396
申请日：2007-09-24
申请人： Karam Michael Noujeim
发明人： Karam Michael Noujeim
IPC分类号： H03K5/06
CPC分类号： H03K5/12 , H01P3/003
摘要： A non-linear waveguide comprises a transmission line including a first conductive line and a second conductive line; a first bias voltage supply connected with the transmission line; and one or more pairs of diodes connected between the first conductive line and the second conductive line, the one or more pairs of diodes including: a first diode having an anode connected with the first conductive line and a cathode connected with the second conductive line; a second diode having a cathode connected with the first conductive line and an anode connected with the second conductive line; and a second bias voltage supply connected between the anode of the second diode and the second conductive line.
摘要翻译：非线性波导包括：传输线，包括第一导线和第二导线; 与传输线连接的第一偏压电源; 以及连接在所述第一导线与所述第二导线之间的一对或多对二极管，所述一对或多对二极管包括：具有与所述第一导线连接的阳极的第一二极管和与所述第二导线连接的阴极; 第二二极管，具有与第一导线连接的阴极和与第二导线连接的阳极; 以及连接在第二二极管的阳极和第二导线之间的第二偏压电源。

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