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11. 发明专利

JP2012124157A Proton-conductive polymer electrolyte membrane having excellent oxidation resistance, and method of producing the same 有权
标题翻译：具有优异耐氧化性的导电聚合物电解质膜及其制造方法
公开(公告)号：JP2012124157A
公开(公告)日：2012-06-28
申请号：JP2011250283
申请日：2011-11-16
申请人： Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Nitto Denko Corp , 日東電工株式会社 , 独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構
发明人： EMORI HIDEYUKI , SUZUKI HIROSE , ASANO MASAHARU , MAEKAWA YASUNARI
IPC分类号： H01B13/00 , C08J5/22 , H01B1/06 , H01M8/02 , H01M8/10
CPC分类号： C08J5/2237 , C08F259/06 , C08J2327/16 , C08J2351/00 , H01B1/122 , H01M8/1023 , H01M8/1039 , Y02P70/56 , C08F212/04 , C08F220/06
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a proton-conductive polymer electrolyte membrane having excellent oxidation resistance and a method capable of producing the proton-conductive polymer electrolyte membrane on an industrial scale.SOLUTION: The method of producing a proton-conductive polymer electrolyte membrane includes the steps of: irradiating resin microparticles with a radioactive ray; producing a microparticulate graft polymer by graft-polymerizing a vinyl monomer having a sulfonic acid group precursor and a vinyl monomer having a carbonyl group equivalent onto the resin microparticles in a solid-liquid dual phase system; preparing a cast solution comprising a polymer having a phosphoric acid group or a phosphonic acid group and the graft polymer and forming a cast film from the solution; drying the cast film to produce a film; converting the sulfonic acid group precursor into a sulfonic acid group; and forming a cross-liked structure between the carbonyl group equivalents. In the production method, a liquid phase of the solid-liquid dual phase system includes the vinyl monomer and a solvent for the vinyl monomer and a solid phase includes the resin microparticles.
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：提供具有优异抗氧化性的质子传导性聚合物电解质膜和能够以工业规模生产质子传导性聚合物电解质膜的方法。解决方案：制造质子传导性聚合物电解质膜的方法包括以下步骤：用放射线照射树脂微粒; 通过将具有磺酸基前体的乙烯基单体和具有羰基当量的乙烯基单体在固液二相体系中接枝聚合到树脂微粒上来生产微粒接枝聚合物; 制备包含具有磷酸基或膦酸基的聚合物的浇铸溶液和接枝聚合物，并从溶液中形成流延膜; 干燥流延膜以产生膜; 将磺酸基前体转化成磺酸基团; 并在羰基当量之间形成交叉结构。在制造方法中，固液双相体系的液相包括乙烯基单体和乙烯基单体的溶剂，固相包括树脂微粒。版权所有（C）2012，JPO＆INPIT

12. 发明专利

JP2008097868A Fuel-cell polymer electrolyte membrane imparted with silane cross-linked structure and fuel-cell membrane/electrode assembly including the same 有权
标题翻译：燃料电池聚合物电解质薄膜与硅烷交联结构和燃料电池/电极组件包括其中
公开(公告)号：JP2008097868A
公开(公告)日：2008-04-24
申请号：JP2006275122
申请日：2006-10-06
申请人： Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Nitto Denko Corp , 日東電工株式会社 , 独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構
发明人： YOSHIDA MASARU , ASANO MASAHARU , CHIN SHINKA , MAEKAWA YASUNARI , TACHIBANA TOSHIMITSU , NAGAI YOZO , NISHIYAMA SOJI
IPC分类号： H01M8/02 , C08F291/00 , C08J5/22 , C08J7/18 , H01B1/06 , H01B13/00 , H01M8/10
CPC分类号： C08F255/00 , C08F8/00 , C08F8/12 , C08F8/36 , C08F259/08 , C08J5/2293 , C08J7/18 , C08J2323/06 , C08J2327/18 , H01B1/122 , H01M8/1027 , H01M8/1037 , H01M8/1039 , H01M8/1044 , H01M8/106 , H01M8/1072 , H01M8/1088 , H01M2300/0082 , Y02P70/56 , C08F230/08
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrolyte membrane which can maintain excellent battery characteristics for a long period of time under high temperature and low moisture retention conditions that is the most important thing in a fuel cell. SOLUTION: A manufacturing method for a fuel-cell polymer electrolyte membrane includes a step, in which a graft molecular chain is formed by graft-polymerizing a vinylsilane coupling agent having a phenyl group capable of retaining a sulfonic acid group onto a polymer film base material, a step for introducing a sulfon acid group into a phenyl group in a graft molecular chain, and a step, in which a silane bridge structure is imparted between graft molecular chains by hydrolyzing and condensing an alkoxy group in a graft molecular chain, in turn. It is devised to obtain the fuel-cell polymer electrolyte membrane manufactured by such a manufacturing method. COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：提供一种电解质膜，其可以在燃料电池中最重要的高温和低保湿条件下长时间保持优异的电池特性。解决方案：燃料电池聚合物电解质膜的制造方法包括以下步骤：其中通过将具有能够保持磺酸基的苯基的乙烯基硅烷偶联剂接枝聚合到聚合物上形成接枝分子链膜基材，将磺酸基引入接枝分子链中的苯基的步骤，以及通过在接枝分子链中水解和缩合烷氧基而在接枝分子链之间施加硅烷桥结构的步骤，反过来。设计得到通过这样的制造方法制造的燃料电池用聚合物电解质膜。版权所有（C）2008，JPO＆INPIT

13. 发明专利

JP2014189655A Method for manufacturing porous polymer film and porous polymer film 审中-公开
标题翻译：制造多孔聚合物薄膜和多孔聚合物薄膜的方法
公开(公告)号：JP2014189655A
公开(公告)日：2014-10-06
申请号：JP2013066946
申请日：2013-03-27
申请人： Nitto Denko Corp , 日東電工株式会社 , Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構
发明人： FURUYAMA SATORU , NAGAI YOZO , MORIYAMA JUNICHI , YURI YOSUKE , YUYAMA TAKAHIRO , ISHIZAKA TOMOHISA , ISHIBORI IKUO , YOSHIDA KENICHI , MAEKAWA YASUNARI , KOSHIKAWA HIROSHI , YAMAKI TETSUYA , ASANO MASAHARU
IPC分类号： C08J7/00
CPC分类号： C08J5/18 , C08J7/123 , C08J2300/00
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a porous polymer film manufacturing method suitable for industrial production.SOLUTION: A method for manufacturing a porous polymer film includes the steps of: irradiating a belt-shaped polymer film with an ion beam by conveying the polymer film so that the polymer film crosses the ion beam, thereby forming a polymer film with which ions in the beam collide; and chemically etching the formed polymer film to form openings and/or through holes, corresponding to loci of ion collision, in the polymer film. The ion beam with which the polymer film is irradiated is an original beam comprising ions accelerated by a cyclotron. The ion beam has a maximum intensity at the center of the beam in an intensity distribution in a cross section perpendicular to the traveling direction of the beam. A base part of the original beam having a profile where the beam intensity is continuously lowered as getting away from the beam center is folded in a direction of the beam center by a non-linear focusing method.
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：提供一种适用于工业生产的多孔聚合物膜制造方法。解决方案：一种多孔聚合物膜的制造方法，包括以下步骤：通过将聚合物膜输送到离子束来照射带状聚合物膜聚合物膜与离子束交叉，从而形成聚合物膜，其中离子与该束碰撞; 并在聚合物膜中化学蚀刻所形成的聚合物膜以形成对应于离子碰撞位点的开口和/或通孔。聚合物膜被照射的离子束是包含由回旋加速器加速的离子的原始束。离子束在与束的行进方向垂直的截面中的强度分布中在束的中心处具有最大强度。原始光束的基部具有光束强度随着远离光束中心而连续降低的轮廓，通过非线性聚焦方法在光束中心的方向上折叠。

14. 发明专利

JP2014086204A Polymer electrolyte membrane and manufacturing method therefor 审中-公开
标题翻译：聚合物电解质膜及其制造方法
公开(公告)号：JP2014086204A
公开(公告)日：2014-05-12
申请号：JP2012232664
申请日：2012-10-22
申请人： Nitto Denko Corp , 日東電工株式会社 , Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構
发明人： SUZUKI HIROSE , HIGUCHI HIROYUKI , EMORI HIDEYUKI , MATSUDA YASUTAKE , INOUE TAKEO , MATSUSHIMA RYOICHI , ASANO MASAHARU , MAEKAWA YASUNARI
IPC分类号： H01B1/06 , C08G59/40 , C08J5/22 , H01B13/00 , H01M8/02
CPC分类号： Y02P70/56
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a polymer electrolyte which has practically sufficient oxidation resistance and durability, and can be inexpensively manufactured by a simple method.SOLUTION: The polymer electrolyte membrane of the present invention is composed of a material including a first polymer, a second polymer and a predetermined compound (E). The compound (E) has a plurality of functional groups, the functional group being at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of an epoxy group and an isocyanate group. The first polymer has a sulfonic acid group. The second polymer has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a phosphoric acid group and a phosphonic acid group. The second polymer is cross-linked by the compound (E).
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：提供具有实际上足够的抗氧化性和耐久性的聚合物电解质，并且可以通过简单的方法廉价地制造。本发明的高分子电解质膜由包括第一聚合物，第二聚合物和预定化合物（E）。化合物（E）具有多个官能团，所述官能团为选自环氧基和异氰酸酯基中的至少一种官能团。第一聚合物具有磺酸基。第二聚合物具有至少一种选自磷酸基和膦酸基的官能团。第二聚合物通过化合物（E）交联。

15. 发明专利

JP2012062426A Method for manufacturing proton conductive polymer electrolyte film 审中-公开
标题翻译：制备导电聚合物电解质膜的方法
公开(公告)号：JP2012062426A
公开(公告)日：2012-03-29
申请号：JP2010209098
申请日：2010-09-17
申请人： Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Nitto Denko Corp , 日東電工株式会社 , 独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構
发明人： HIGUCHI HIROYUKI , OIZUMI SHINICHI , EMORI HIDEYUKI , TACHIBANA TOSHIMITSU , MORI KEIICHI , SUZUKI HIROYO , ASANO MASAHARU , MAEKAWA YASUNARI
IPC分类号： C08J5/22 , C08F8/36 , C08F259/08 , H01B13/00 , H01M8/02 , H01M8/10
CPC分类号： Y02E60/523 , Y02P70/56
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for industrially manufacturing an excellent proton conductive polymer electrolyte film by a graft polymerization.SOLUTION: The method for manufacturing the proton conductive polymer electrolyte film includes: a process for irradiating resin fine particles; a process for obtaining a particulate graft polymer by graft-polymerizing a vinyl compound to the resin fine particles in the solid-liquid two phase system in which the resin fine particles which has been irradiated maintains a solid phase in a liquid phase containing the vinyl compound and a solvent; a process for obtaining a sulfonated polymer by sulfonating the graft polymer; a process for obtaining a stabilized polymer by converting a sulfonic acid group in the sulfonated polymer into a sulfonic acid group precursor; a process for forming a film by melt-forming the stabilized polymer; and a process for converting the sulfonic acid group precursor in the film into a sulfonic acid group.
摘要翻译：待解决的问题：提供通过接枝聚合工业制造优质的质子传导性聚合物电解质膜的方法。解决方案：制造质子传导性聚合物电解质膜的方法包括：照射树脂微粒的方法; 在固相液相双相体系中，通过将乙烯基化合物接枝聚合到树脂微粒中而获得微粒接枝聚合物的方法，其中所照射的树脂微粒在含有乙烯基化合物的液相中维持固相和溶剂; 通过磺化接枝聚合物获得磺化聚合物的方法; 通过将磺化聚合物中的磺酸基团转化为磺酸基前体而获得稳定的聚合物的方法; 通过熔融形成稳定的聚合物形成膜的方法; 以及将该膜中的磺酸基前体转化为磺酸基的方法。版权所有（C）2012，JPO＆INPIT

16. 发明专利

JP2007258048A Forming method of polymer electrolyte membrane for fuel cell, the electrolyte membrane, and membrane electrode conjugant for fuel cell using the membrane 有权
标题翻译：用于燃料电池的聚合物电解质膜的形成方法，电解质膜和使用膜的燃料电池的膜电极
公开(公告)号：JP2007258048A
公开(公告)日：2007-10-04
申请号：JP2006082321
申请日：2006-03-24
申请人： Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Nitto Denko Corp , 日東電工株式会社 , 独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構
发明人： YOSHIDA MASARU , ASANO MASAHARU , CHIN SHINKA , MAEKAWA YASUNARI , TACHIBANA TOSHIMITSU , NAGAI YOZO , NISHIYAMA SOJI
IPC分类号： H01M8/02 , H01M8/10
CPC分类号： C08J7/18 , C08J5/2287 , C08J2327/18 , H01M8/106 , H01M8/1072 , H01M8/1088 , H01M2300/0082 , Y02P70/56
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a polymer electrolyte membrane having high electric conductivity and oxidation resistance suitable for use in a fuel cell, and a forming method. SOLUTION: By irradiating an ultraviolet ray to the surface of a layer containing a photopolymerization initiator applied on a polymer film base material, by putting a sulfonic acid group retainable vinyl monomer and a multifunctional vinyl monomer necessary for introducing a chemical crosslink structure in a liquid phase system or a gas phase system, a graft polymerization reaction is carried out, a graft chain is made to proceed from a membrane surface into the interior at that time, and after that, the introduced mutual graft chains, mutual molecular chains which the graft chains and the base material have, and the mutual molecular chains which the base material has are multiple-crosslinked by radiation, and finally the sulfonic acid group is introduced. COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：提供一种适用于燃料电池中的具有高导电性和抗氧化性的聚合物电解质膜和形成方法。解决方案：通过将施加在聚合物膜基材上的含有光聚合引发剂的层的表面照射紫外线，通过将磺酸基保留的乙烯基单体和引入化学交联结构所需的多官能乙烯基单体引入液相体系或气相体系，进行接枝聚合反应，使得接枝链在此时从膜表面进入内部，之后引入相互接枝链，相互分子链接枝链和基材具有，并且基材通过辐射多重交联的相互分子链，最后引入磺酸基。版权所有（C）2008，JPO＆INPIT

17. 发明专利

JP2010182436A Polymer electrolyte membrane comprising alkylether graft chain, and method of producing the same 有权
标题翻译：包含碱金属链的聚合物电解质膜及其制造方法
公开(公告)号：JP2010182436A
公开(公告)日：2010-08-19
申请号：JP2009022352
申请日：2009-02-03
申请人： Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Kanagawa Univ , 学校法人神奈川大学 , 独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構
发明人： MAEKAWA YASUNARI , ENOMOTO KAZUYUKI , KIHARA NOBUHIRO
IPC分类号： H01M8/02 , C08J7/18 , H01B1/06 , H01B13/00 , H01M8/10
CPC分类号： H01M8/1039 , C08J7/18 , C08J2323/00 , C08J2327/12 , H01M8/1018 , H01M8/1023 , H01M8/1088 , Y02E60/521 , Y02P70/56
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an electrolyte membrane for use in a fuel cell having excellent proton conductivity, low water content, resistance to hot water, and fuel impermeability, which is more excellent than a conventional polymer electrolyte membrane, in particulr, an electrolyte membrane prepared by radiation-induced graft polymerization of a styrene monomer onto a polymer substrate, and a method of producing the same. SOLUTION: The method for producing the electrolyte membrane for use in a fuel cell includes processes of: performing radiation-induced graft polymerization of a vinyl monomer having a nucleophilic functional group selected from an acylvinyl ether derivative, a styrene derivative, and a methacrylic acid derivative, with a polymer substrate having a fluorine-containing polymer, an olefin-containing polymer, or an aromatic polymer; deprotecting an ester bond of a graft chain on the polymer substrate introduced by the radiation-induced graft polymerization; and introducing an alkylethersulfonic acid structure into the nucleophilic functional group of the graft chain thus deprotected, by use of an electrophilic reagent selected from cyclic sulfonic acid ester and alkylhalide sulfonate. COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：提供一种用于燃料电池的电解质膜，其具有优异的质子传导性，低含水量，耐热水性和燃料不渗透性，其比常规聚合物电解质膜更优异，特别是，通过苯乙烯单体的辐射诱导接枝聚合制备在聚合物基材上的电解质膜及其制备方法。解决方案：用于生产用于燃料电池的电解质膜的方法包括以下步骤：对具有选自酰基乙烯基醚衍生物，苯乙烯衍生物和苯乙烯衍生物的亲核官能团的乙烯基单体进行辐射诱导的接枝聚合甲基丙烯酸衍生物，具有含氟聚合物的聚合物基材，含烯烃的聚合物或芳族聚合物; 通过辐射诱导的接枝聚合引入的聚合物基材上的接枝链的酯键脱保护; 并通过使用选自环状磺酸酯和烷基卤化物磺酸盐的亲电试剂将烷基醚磺酸结构引入接枝链的亲核官能团，从而脱保护。版权所有（C）2010，JPO＆INPIT

18. 发明专利

JP2008195748A Crosslinked aromatic polymer electrolyte membrane and its manufacturing method 审中-公开
标题翻译：交联芳香族聚合物电解质膜及其制造方法
公开(公告)号：JP2008195748A
公开(公告)日：2008-08-28
申请号：JP2007029223
申请日：2007-02-08
申请人： Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構
发明人： CHIN SHINKA , MAEKAWA YASUNARI , ASANO MASAHARU , YOSHIDA MASARU
IPC分类号： C08J5/22 , C08J7/12 , H01B1/06 , H01B13/00 , H01M8/02 , H01M8/10
CPC分类号： H01M8/1018 , H01M8/0289 , H01M8/04197 , H01M8/1011 , H01M8/1025 , H01M8/1027 , H01M8/103 , H01M8/1032 , H01M8/1088 , Y02E60/523 , Y02P70/56
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a crosslinked aromatic polymer electrolyte membrane that has a low water content and exhibits high proton conductivity, low methanol permeability, a high antioxidative property and excellent mechanical properties, and its manufacturing method. SOLUTION: An aromatic polymer film substrate or a grafted aromatic polymer film substrate having a monomer introduced thereinto as a graft chain is given a crosslinked structure by ionizing radiation irradiation. As the aromatic polymer film substrate and the grafted aromatic polymer film substrate endowed with the crosslinked structure are insoluble in a sulfonating solution, these film substrates are directly sulfonated to give the crosslinked aromatic polymer electrolyte membrane. As introduction of the monomer as the graft chain permits control of the crosslinked structure of the electrolyte membrane and of the microphase separation structure in a proton conductive domain, the crosslinked aromatic polymer electrolyte membrane, which has a low water content and exhibits high proton conductivity, low methanol permeability, a high antioxidative property and excellent mechanical properties, can be prepared. COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：提供具有低含水量并且显示出高质子传导性，低甲醇渗透性，高抗氧化性和优异机械性能的交联芳族聚合物电解质膜及其制造方法。解决方案：通过电离辐射照射将具有引入其中的单体作为接枝链的芳族聚合物膜基材或接枝的芳族聚合物膜基材赋予交联结构。由于芳族聚合物膜基材和具有交联结构的接枝芳族聚合物膜基材不溶于磺化溶液，所以这些膜基材直接磺化，得到交联的芳族聚合物电解质膜。由于作为接枝链的单体的引入允许控制质子传导区域中的电解质膜和微相分离结构的交联结构，所以具有低含水量并且显示出高质子传导性的交联芳族聚合物电解质膜，可以制备低甲醇渗透性，高抗氧化性和优异的机械性能。版权所有（C）2008，JPO＆INPIT

19. 发明专利

JP2007031650A Resin composition colored by quantum beam and nano imaging formation method 审中-公开
标题翻译：通过量子束和纳米成像方法着色的树脂组合物
公开(公告)号：JP2007031650A
公开(公告)日：2007-02-08
申请号：JP2005220517
申请日：2005-07-29
申请人： Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構
发明人： MAEKAWA YASUNARI , YOSHIDA MASARU
IPC分类号： C08L101/00 , C08K5/18 , C08K5/34 , C09K3/00
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve the problem that almost no reaction mechanisms of highly practicable organic molecules such as photochromic molecules with quantum beams have been made clear and that no promising proposals have been made concerning next-generation recording systems that enhance recording density by leaps and bounds though utilization of quantum beams having a wavelength of a pattern size or less is inevitable as light used for densification.
SOLUTION: A resin film, comprised of a compound generating an acid by quantum beams (acid-generating agent) and an environmentally chromic molecule chemically convertible from a colorless substance to a colored substance by the acid with good efficiency, is irradiated with quantum nano beams operable at a high speed thereby to realize writing technology of colored patterns having nano scale resolution that attains a recording density several figures higher than that of conventional recording media utilizing light.
COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：为了解决几乎没有高度实用的有机分子如光致变色分子与量子束的反应机理已经清楚的问题，并且对于增强记录的下一代记录系统没有提出有希望的建议尽管利用具有图案尺寸或更小的波长的量子束，但是由于用于致密化的光是不可避免的，所以通过跨越式的密度来实现。
解决方案：通过量子光（酸产生剂）产生酸的化合物和通过酸从无色物质化学转化成有色物质的环境色度分子的树脂膜被照射到具有良好效率的酸中能够以高速操作的量子纳米光束，从而实现具有纳米级分辨率的彩色图案的写入技术，其具有比利用光的常规记录介质高几十倍的记录密度。版权所有（C）2007，JPO＆INPIT

20. 发明专利

JP2012181961A Composition for forming catalyst layer, and production method of catalyst layer 有权
标题翻译：形成催化层的组合物和催化层的生产方法
公开(公告)号：JP2012181961A
公开(公告)日：2012-09-20
申请号：JP2011042865
申请日：2011-02-28
申请人： Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 独立行政法人日本原子力研究開発機構
发明人： CHIN SHINKA , ASANO MASAHARU , MAEKAWA YASUNARI
IPC分类号： H01M4/88 , B01J31/28 , C23C18/14 , C25B9/10 , C25B11/12 , H01M4/86 , H01M8/02 , H01M8/10
CPC分类号： Y02P70/56
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a composition for forming a catalyst layer that is suitable for producing an electrode with a catalyst layer for a high performance electrochemical device at a low cost, and to provide a production method of a catalyst layer using the same.SOLUTION: The composition for forming a catalyst layer being used for forming the catalyst layer of an electrode with a catalyst layer in an electrochemical device contains a vinyl monomer capable of introducing ion conductivity, a metal compound that is a precursor of metallic fine particles, and a carbon carrier. The vinyl monomer forms an ion conductive polymer when it is exposed to radiation and polymerized. The metal compound forms the metallic fine particles when it is exposed to radiation and reduced.
摘要翻译：解决的问题：提供一种用于形成催化剂层的组合物，其用于以低成本生产具有用于高性能电化学装置的催化剂层的电极，并且提供了使用一样。解决方案：用于在电化学装置中形成具有催化剂层的电极的催化剂层用于形成催化剂层的组合物含有能够引入离子传导性的乙烯基单体，作为金属微粒前体的金属化合物颗粒和碳载体。当乙烯基单体暴露于辐射并聚合时，形成离子导电聚合物。金属化合物在暴露于辐射和还原时形成金属微粒。版权所有（C）2012，JPO＆INPIT

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