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1. 发明授权

US07012889B1 Method and apparatus for controlling input rates within a packet switching system 有权
标题翻译：用于控制分组交换系统内的输入速率的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US07012889B1
公开(公告)日：2006-03-14
申请号：US09705450
申请日：2000-11-02
申请人： Jonathan S. Turner , Zubin D. Dittia
发明人： Jonathan S. Turner , Zubin D. Dittia
IPC分类号： H04L12/26
CPC分类号： H04L47/10
摘要： Methods and apparatuses are disclosed for controlling the rate at which packets are sent from a first to a second component of a packet switching system. In one implementation, the first component represents an input line card to a packet switch, and the second component represents an output of the packet switch. In such a system, a state is maintained for each output at each line card. For example, these states may include an unconstrained state during which traffic is sent at a full rate to the output, an off state during which no traffic is sent to the output, and a constrained state during which traffic is sent at a reduced rate to the output. Typically, this reduced rate is proportional to the arrival rate of packets at the input line card which are destined for the output. The state of the output is changed based on received flow control information about the output and whether traffic remains queued for the output at the input line card.
摘要翻译：公开了用于控制分组从分组交换系统的第一分量发送到第二分量的速率的方法和装置。在一个实现中，第一组件表示到分组交换机的输入线路卡，而第二组件表示分组交换机的输出。在这样的系统中，对于每个线卡上的每个输出维持状态。例如，这些状态可以包括无约束状态，在该状态期间，以全速率将业务量发送到输出，其中没有业务被发送到输出的关闭状态以及以较低速率向业务发送业务的约束状态输出。通常，该降低的速率与输入线路卡上的输出到达速率的比例成比例。基于接收到的关于输出的流量控制信息以及流量是否保持排队等于输入线卡上的输出而改变输出状态。

2. 发明授权

US06826186B1 Method and apparatus for distributing packets across multiple paths leading to a destination 有权
标题翻译：用于在通往目的地的多个路径上分发分组的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US06826186B1
公开(公告)日：2004-11-30
申请号：US09519715
申请日：2000-03-07
申请人： Zubin D. Dittia , John Andrew Fingerhut , Daniel E. Lenoski
发明人： Zubin D. Dittia , John Andrew Fingerhut , Daniel E. Lenoski
IPC分类号： H04L1228
CPC分类号： H04L45/00 , H04L45/24
摘要： According to the invention, methods and apparatus are disclosed for selecting one of multiple of paths between two points over which to route a data item based on the destination of the data item and the traffic between the two points over the multiple paths. A switching system can use the disclosed methods and apparatus to more efficiently distribute data packets among switching fabrics than currently accomplished by known techniques. In one implementation, distribution cycles have been established for sending data between two points, where each path between the endpoints is used a predetermined number of times (e.g., one, two) within each cycle. To economize the amount of traffic data collected, the multiple paths can be partitioned into subsets for which traffic data is maintained only for the current subset. Additionally, the distribution of traffic between the two points can be further partitioned into traffic of a particular type or priority between the two points.
摘要翻译：根据本发明，公开了用于选择基于数据项的目的地路由数据项的两个点之间的多个路径中的一个路径和多个路径上的两个点之间的业务的方法和装置。交换系统可以使用所公开的方法和装置来更有效地分配交换结构中的数据分组，而不是目前通过已知技术实现的数据分组。在一个实现中，已经建立了分发周期，用于在两个点之间发送数据，其中端点之间的每个路径在每个周期内被使用预定次数（例如，一个，两个）。为了节约收集的流量数据量，可以将多个路径划分为仅为当前子集维护流量数据的子集。此外，两点之间的业务分配可以进一步划分为两点之间的特定类型或优先级的业务。

3. 发明授权

US06654342B1 Accumulating and distributing flow control information via update messages and piggybacked flow control information in other messages in a packet switching system 有权
标题翻译：通过分组交换系统中的其他消息中的更新消息和捎带流控制信息来累积和分发流量控制信息
公开(公告)号：US06654342B1
公开(公告)日：2003-11-25
申请号：US09521278
申请日：2000-03-07
申请人： Zubin D. Dittia , William N. Eatherton , John Andrew Fingerhut , Michael B. Galles , Jonathan S. Turner
发明人： Zubin D. Dittia , William N. Eatherton , John Andrew Fingerhut , Michael B. Galles , Jonathan S. Turner
IPC分类号： G01R3108
CPC分类号： H04L12/5602
摘要： Methods and apparatus are disclosed for accumulating and distributing flow control information via update messages and piggybacked flow control information in other messages. One implementation operates using at least two techniques. Using a first technique, for every packet entering the switching system from a line card, the switching system conveys flow control information (typically congestion or both congestion and no-congestion indications) for the packet's destination to the line card. Using a second technique, the switching system will periodically convey congestion and no-congestion indications for all destinations to the line cards. In one implementation, when the first technique is used to provide only congestion indications, the periodic distribution of flow control information using the second technique provides non-congested indications which allows the line cards and their sources to resume or begin sending to the non-congested destinations.
摘要翻译：公开了用于通过更新消息积累和分发流量控制信息的方法和装置以及其他消息中的捎带流控制信息。一个实现使用至少两种技术来进行操作。使用第一种技术，对于从线路卡进入交换系统的每个分组，交换系统将分组目的地的流量控制信息（通常拥塞或两者拥塞和无拥塞指示）传送到线路卡。使用第二种技术，交换系统将周期性地向线路卡传送所有目的地的拥塞和无拥塞指示。在一个实现中，当第一技术被用于仅提供拥塞指示时，使用第二技术的流量控制信息的周期性分布提供非拥塞指示，其允许线路卡及其源恢复或开始发送到非拥塞目的地。

4. 发明授权

US08463825B1 Hybrid file system for virtual machine storage 有权
标题翻译：用于虚拟机存储的混合文件系统
公开(公告)号：US08463825B1
公开(公告)日：2013-06-11
申请号：US13094682
申请日：2011-04-26
申请人： Kieran J. Harty , Mark G. Gritter , Raj A. Sudarsanam , Zubin D. Dittia , Brandon W. Salmon , Vyacheslav V. Malyugin
发明人： Kieran J. Harty , Mark G. Gritter , Raj A. Sudarsanam , Zubin D. Dittia , Brandon W. Salmon , Vyacheslav V. Malyugin
IPC分类号： G06F17/30 , G06F13/00
CPC分类号： G06F17/30233 , G06F3/0605 , G06F3/0647 , G06F3/0685
摘要： A data storage system is disclosed, including: a first storage device of a first storage device type, a second storage device of a second storage device type, and a processor configured to implement a hybrid file system configured to store each of a plurality of data values in at least a corresponding primary location, which for a given data value may be in either the first storage device or the second storage device; wherein the hybrid file system is configured to use a first access approach optimized based on a first access attribute of the first storage device type to interact with the first storage device and a second access approach optimized based on a second access attribute of the second storage device type to interact with the second storage device. Reading data is disclosed, including: determining that a storage location on a first tier storage from which a requested data was written back to a second tier storage has not been reclaimed by a garbage collection associated with the first tier storage, and retrieving the data from the storage location on the first tier storage.
摘要翻译：公开了一种数据存储系统，包括：第一存储设备类型的第一存储设备，第二存储设备类型的第二存储设备和被配置为实现被配置为存储多个数据中的每一个的混合文件系统的处理器至少对应的主要位置的值，对于给定的数据值可以在第一存储设备或第二存储设备中; 其中所述混合文件系统被配置为使用基于所述第一存储设备类型的第一访问属性优化的第一访问方法来与所述第一存储设备交互，以及基于所述第二存储设备的第二访问属性优化的第二访问方法类型以与第二存储设备交互。公开了读取数据，包括：确定在第一层存储器上存储所请求的数据被写回第二层存储器的存储位置尚未被与第一层存储相关联的垃圾收集回收，并且从第一层存储上的存储位置。

5. 发明授权

US07027397B1 Method and apparatus for accumulating and distributing traffic and flow control information in a packet switching system 有权
标题翻译：在分组交换系统中累积和分配流量和流量控制信息的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US07027397B1
公开(公告)日：2006-04-11
申请号：US09784787
申请日：2001-02-15
申请人： Jonathan S. Turner , Zubin D. Dittia , Thomas Dejanovic
发明人： Jonathan S. Turner , Zubin D. Dittia , Thomas Dejanovic
IPC分类号： H04L12/26
CPC分类号： H04L49/506 , H04L49/101 , H04L49/501
摘要： Methods and apparatus are disclosed for accumulating traffic information and distributing flow control information in a packet switching system. Traffic information is collected in multiple elements and indications of congestion and/or other types of information useful in determining traffic conditions are forwarded to collecting elements. The collecting elements manipulate the received indications and generate flow control messages which are sent to individual sending components. In one implementation, a switching element maintains for each destination a count of packets within itself which are addressed to the particular destination. Indications of this collected information are sent to collecting switching elements. These collecting elements accumulate the information received from multiple sources. The accumulated information is evaluated, and when a congestion condition is located or anticipated, then flow control messages are distributed to all, or a subset of, the packet sources.
摘要翻译：公开了用于在分组交换系统中累积交通信息和分配流量控制信息的方法和装置。交通信息被收集在多个元素中，并且用于确定交通状况的拥堵和/或其他类型的信息的指示被转发到收集元件。收集元件操纵接收到的指示并产生发送给各个发送组件的流控制消息。在一个实现中，交换元件为每个目的地维护寻址到特定目的地的自身中的分组的计数。收集的信息的指示被发送到收集交换元件。这些收集元素累积从多个来源接收的信息。对累积信息进行评估，并且当拥塞状况被定位或预期时，流量控制消息被分发给分组源的全部或子集。

6. 发明授权

US06907041B1 Communications interconnection network with distributed resequencing 失效
标题翻译：具有分布式重新排序的通信互联网络
公开(公告)号：US06907041B1
公开(公告)日：2005-06-14
申请号：US09520684
申请日：2000-03-07
申请人： Jonathan S. Turner , Zubin D. Dittia , John Andrew Fingerhut
发明人： Jonathan S. Turner , Zubin D. Dittia , John Andrew Fingerhut
IPC分类号： H04L12/28 , H04L12/56 , H04Q11/00
CPC分类号： H04L49/552 , H04L12/5601 , H04L45/302 , H04L47/50 , H04L47/564 , H04L49/105 , H04L49/1515 , H04L49/1553 , H04L49/3018 , H04L49/3027 , H04L2012/565
摘要： Methods and apparatus for forwarding packets in a multistage interconnection network are provided which timestamp packets using a substantially system-wide timing reference and a merge sorting variant to restore packets to the proper order, using the timestamp information carried in the packets. One implementation determines when packets passing along different paths in the network can be safely forwarded, even when no packets have recently been received on some of the paths, by forwarding status messages along otherwise idle paths. The status messages provide information that can be used by downstream components to allow them to determine when packets passing over other paths can safely be forwarded. One implementation simultaneously resequences packets being delivered to all n outputs of the multistage interconnection network. The resequencing operations are distributed among a plurality of switching elements making up the interconnection network.
摘要翻译：提供了用于在多级互连网络中转发分组的方法和装置，其使用基本上系统的定时参考的时间戳分组和使用分组中携带的时间戳信息将分组恢复到正确顺序的合并排序变体。一个实施方式是确定何时在网络中沿着不同路径传递的分组可以安全地转发，即使在最近没有在一些路径上接收到分组时，通过沿其他空闲路径转发状态消息。状态消息提供可由下游组件使用的信息，以允许它们确定何时可以安全地转发其他路径上的数据包。一个实施方案同时重新分配被传递到多级互连网络的所有n个输出的分组。重新排序操作分布在组成互连网络的多个交换单元中。

7. 发明授权

US06747972B1 Method and apparatus for reducing the required size of sequence numbers used in resequencing packets 失效
标题翻译：用于减少重新测序分组中使用的序列号所需大小的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US06747972B1
公开(公告)日：2004-06-08
申请号：US09519716
申请日：2000-03-07
申请人： Daniel E. Lenoski , William N. Eatherton , Zubin D. Dittia , John Andrew Fingerhut
发明人： Daniel E. Lenoski , William N. Eatherton , Zubin D. Dittia , John Andrew Fingerhut
IPC分类号： H04L1256
CPC分类号： H04L45/00 , H04L45/302 , H04L2012/565
摘要： In one implementation, a first set of packet switch sequence numbers is used for end-to-end resequencing of packets within a packet switch, and a second set of interconnection network sequence number is used in the resequencing of packets within an interconnection network of the packet switch. A packet switch sequence number is maintained at each input interface of the packet switch for each output interface, while each output interface maintains a packet switch sequence number for each input interface. A corresponding sequence number is added to packets sent between corresponding input-output interface pairs. Similarly, an interconnection network sequence number is maintained at each input port of an interconnection network for each output port, while each output port maintains an interconnection network sequence number for each input port. A corresponding sequence number is added to packets sent between corresponding input-output port pairs.
摘要翻译：在一个实现中，第一组分组交换序列号用于分组交换机内的分组的端对端重新排序，并且第二组互连网络序列号被用于重新排序的互连网络内的分组分组交换机在每个输出接口的分组交换机的每个输入接口处保持分组交换序列号，而每个输出接口为每个输入接口维护分组交换序列号。相应的序列号被添加到相应的输入 - 输出接口对之间发送的数据包。类似地，在每个输出端口的互连网络的每个输入端口处保持互连网络序列号，而每个输出端口为每个输入端口维护互连网络序列号。相应的序列号被添加到相应的输入 - 输出端口对之间发送的数据包。

8. 发明授权

US07249149B1 Tree bitmap data structures and their use in performing lookup operations 有权
标题翻译：树位图数据结构及其在执行查找操作中的用途
公开(公告)号：US07249149B1
公开(公告)日：2007-07-24
申请号：US10833532
申请日：2004-04-26
申请人： William N. Eatherton , Zubin D. Dittia
发明人： William N. Eatherton , Zubin D. Dittia
IPC分类号： G06F7/00
CPC分类号： H04L12/56 , H04L45/7457 , Y10S707/99943 , Y10S707/99945 , Y10S707/99948
摘要： Disclosed are, inter alia, methods, apparatus, data structures, computer-readable media, mechanisms, and means for defining, creating and using tree bitmap data structures, such as for, but not limited to their use in performing lookup operations (e.g., longest prefix matching, etc.). The data structure typically includes a tree bitmap for identifying for each node of multiple nodes within a stride of a number of tree levels greater than one whether each node is a prefix or vacant node, the multiple nodes representing multiple tree levels, a lowest level subset of the multiple nodes corresponding to a lowest level of the tree levels in the stride, the lowest level subset of the multiple nodes including two or more nodes. A child bitmap is typically used for identifying which trie paths emanate and which trie paths do not emanate from the lowest level subset of the multiple nodes.
摘要翻译：公开的方法，装置，数据结构，计算机可读介质，机制和用于定义，创建和使用树位图数据结构的装置，诸如但不限于它们在执行查找操作中的用途（例如，最长前缀匹配等）。数据结构通常包括树位图，用于识别大于每个节点是否为前缀或空闲节点的多个树级别的步长内的多个节点的每个节点，多个节点表示多个树级别，最低级别子集对应于步幅中的树级的最低级的多个节点，包括两个或多个节点的多个节点的最低级子集。子位图通常用于识别出现哪些特洛伊路径，哪些特里路径不从多个节点的最低级子集发出。

9. 发明授权

US06728211B1 Method and apparatus for delaying packets being sent from a component of a packet switching system 有权
标题翻译：用于延迟从分组交换系统的组件发送的分组的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US06728211B1
公开(公告)日：2004-04-27
申请号：US09520685
申请日：2000-03-07
申请人： Vinod Gerard John Peris , Jonathan S. Turner , Zubin D. Dittia , William N. Eatherton
发明人： Vinod Gerard John Peris , Jonathan S. Turner , Zubin D. Dittia , William N. Eatherton
IPC分类号： H04L1226
CPC分类号： H04L47/10 , H04L47/12 , H04L47/26 , H04L47/32 , H04L49/101 , H04L49/20 , H04L49/201 , H04L49/254 , H04L49/3027
摘要： Methods and apparatus are also disclosed for responding to received flow control messages indicating a previously congested port is now in a non-congested state. Many different components that have packets to send to a particular output will receive an indication that they are now allowed to send these packets at roughly the same time as the other components. If all components start sending at the same time, then the packet switch might become congested, possibly very quickly. If the packet switch cannot respond and transmit flow control messages to all of these sources fast enough, certain internal buffers could overflow and thus packets might be lost. On implementation causes components to start sending to the destination at varying times to gradually increase the traffic being sent to the destination. In this manner, the traffic in the packet switch gradually rises which allows buffers within the packet switch to drain while new traffic is arriving, and allows the packet switch time to react and throttle-back the traffic in a reasonable manner should paths leading to the output become congested.
摘要翻译：还公开了用于响应指示先前拥塞的端口现在处于非拥塞状态的接收的流控制消息的方法和装置。具有发送到特定输出的数据包的许多不同组件将接收到它们现在允许与其他组件大致相同的时间发送这些数据包的指示。如果所有组件同时开始发送，则分组交换机可能会变得拥塞，可能非常快。如果分组交换机不能快速响应并向所有这些源发送流量控制消息，某些内部缓冲区可能会溢出，从而数据包可能丢失。在实施时，组件可以在不同的时间开始发送到目的地，以逐渐增加发送到目的地的流量。以这种方式，分组交换机中的业务量逐渐上升，这允许分组交换机内的缓冲区在新的业务到达时消失，并且允许分组交换时间以合理的方式作出反应并节省流量，如果通向输出变得拥塞。

10. 发明授权

US06674721B1 Method and apparatus for scheduling packets being sent from a component of a packet switching system 有权
标题翻译：用于调度从分组交换系统的组件发送的分组的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US06674721B1
公开(公告)日：2004-01-06
申请号：US09519721
申请日：2000-03-07
申请人： Zubin D. Dittia , Jonathan S. Turner
发明人： Zubin D. Dittia , Jonathan S. Turner
IPC分类号： H04L1256
CPC分类号： H04L47/2433 , H04L47/12 , H04L47/50
摘要： Methods and apparatus are disclosed for determining the order to send information arriving at the inputs of a packet switching system. A line card maintains its own data structure indicating flow control information and a queue for each destination it is sending data with its memory. Control logic then controls the placing of the incoming data into these queues and for taking the data out of the queues and sending the data, typically in the form of packets, to the packet switch. As information arrives at a line card, priority outgoing packet time slots are allocated for that destination. In this manner, each destination is given the opportunity to send information at its arrival rate. In the remaining bandwidth or packet cycles available on the outgoing link, the destination queues containing information retained due to a congestion condition are serviced.
摘要翻译：公开了用于确定发送到分组交换系统的输入端的信息的顺序的方法和装置。线卡维护其自身的数据结构，指示流控制信息，并且每个目的地的队列与其存储器一起发送数据。然后，控制逻辑控制将输入数据放置到这些队列中并将数据从队列中取出并将数据通常以数据包的形式发送到分组交换机。当信息到达线路卡时，为该目的地分配优先输出分组时隙。以这种方式，每个目的地都有机会以其到达率发送信息。在出站链路上可用的剩余带宽或分组周期中，维护包含由于拥塞状况而保留的信息的目的地队列。

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