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1. 发明授权

US3977866A Method for producing titanium 失效
标题翻译：生产钛的方法
公开(公告)号：US3977866A
公开(公告)日：1976-08-31
申请号：US423261
申请日：1973-12-10
申请人： Donald F. Othmer
发明人： Donald F. Othmer
IPC分类号： C22B5/04 , C22B34/12 , C22B53/00
CPC分类号： C22B5/04 , C22B34/1272 , Y02P10/214 , Y02P10/23
摘要： Titanium tetrachloride is reduced at atmospheric pressure and 1245.degree.C to 1750.degree.C by molten manganese to give substantially pure molten titanium metal and gaseous manganese chloride. A counter-current stream of gaseous titanium tetrachloride contacts molten manganese to make the chlorine interchange. Titanium alloys with other metals which will not reduce titanium tetrachloride are made by adding such metals to the reactor with the molten manganese; and they end up as part of the melt with titanium. The manganese chloride formed is oxidized to the oxide while giving chlorine gas, to be used in forming the titanium tetrachloride; and the manganese oxide is carbo-thermally reduced by conventional methods to manganese metal for recycle.
摘要翻译：四氯化钛在大气压和1245℃至1750℃下通过熔融锰还原，得到基本上纯的熔融钛金属和气态氯化锰。逆流气态四氯化钛与熔融锰接触以使氯交换。与不会还原四氯化钛的其它金属的钛合金是通过将金属加入到具有熔融锰的反应器中制成的; 并且它们最终作为钛的熔体的一部分。所形成的氯化锰被氧化成氧化物，同时产生氯气，用于形成四氯化钛; 并且锰氧化物通过常规方法被碳热还原为锰金属用于再循环。

2. 发明授权

US3974398A Wire and steel tube as AC cable 失效
标题翻译：电线钢管作为交流电缆
公开(公告)号：US3974398A
公开(公告)日：1976-08-10
申请号：US405705
申请日：1973-10-11
申请人： Donald F. Othmer
发明人： Donald F. Othmer
IPC分类号： H01B7/16 , H01B7/30 , H01B9/00 , H05B6/10 , H05B7/109 , H01B11/02
CPC分类号： H05B7/109 , H01B7/16 , H01B7/30 , H01B9/00
摘要： A steel tube such as a standard iron or steel pipe having about one-eighth inch or thicker walls and an insulated wire therein may be the two conductor legs of an AC distribution line forming a "tube-wire-cable". The skin effect in the steel limits AC flow to the inner surface of the tube to give the tube more or less the same effective electrical conductivity or resistance as that of the wire, while the outer part of the tube wall of steel acts as an almost perfect insulator, also as the grounding wire, also as a very heavy duty protector of the circuit. Two wires inside the tube may have the maximum voltage drop between them corresponding to a three wire single phase AC distribution cable; and the tube, by its skin effect conduction, may be the neutral or grounded conductor with half the maximum voltage drop between it and each of the wires. Similarly, two wires inside and the skin effect conductor of the tube may be used for three-phase AC distribution.
摘要翻译：诸如具有约八分之一英寸或更厚的壁的标准铁或钢管的钢管和其中的绝缘电线可以是形成“管状电缆”的交流配电线的两个导体支腿。钢中的皮肤效应限制了AC流到管的内表面，以使管或多或少地与线的有效导电性或电阻相同，而钢管的外壁部分作为几乎完美的绝缘子，也作为接地线，也是电路的重载保护器。管内的两条导线可能具有对应于三线单相交流配电电缆的最大电压降; 并且通过其皮肤效应传导的管可以是中性或接地导体，其中每根导线之间的最大电压降一半。类似地，内部的两条导线和管的表皮效应导体可用于三相交流分配。

3. 发明授权

US4251227A Method for producing SNG or SYN-gas from wet solid waste and low grade fuels 失效
标题翻译：从湿固体废物和低级燃料生产SNG或SYN气体的方法
公开(公告)号：US4251227A
公开(公告)日：1981-02-17
申请号：US930327
申请日：1978-08-02
申请人： Donald F. Othmer
发明人： Donald F. Othmer
IPC分类号： C10J3/00 , C10L9/00 , C10K3/00
CPC分类号： C10J3/00 , C10J3/723 , C10J3/78 , C10L9/00 , C10J2300/0916 , C10J2300/093 , C10J2300/0946 , C10J2300/0956 , C10J2300/0959 , C10J2300/0973 , C10J2300/0996 , C10J2300/1671 , C10J2300/1846 , C10J2300/1861 , Y10S423/18
摘要： Peat, lignite, coal, many forms of biomass (land or marine) and solid wastes may have from 1/2 to 30 times as much water associated with the dry solids. Some of this water may be chemically bound or otherwise may be practically inseparable by mechanical means. The solids may be partially oxidized by oxygen or air in the first chemical reactions of a Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) taking place in the presence of the large amount of water at temperatures of 175.degree. C. to 325.degree. C. and pressures of 10 to 100 atmospheres--preferably 240.degree. to 300.degree. C. and 70 to 100 atmospheres. All sulfur in high sulfur coal is oxidized selectively to the sulfate radical; and heat to bring the combustible up to the necessary temperature is supplied by burning part of the combustible itself. The sulfur free coal may be used as conventionally. Residual solids (now 70 to 95% of the original fuel) have a higher heating value on a dry basis, and are mechanically separated from all but 1/2 to 2 pounds of water. These solids come from the dewatering unit at a high pressure and may be passed, without loss of pressure or temperature, to be gasified in conventional processes and gasifiers, again by partial oxidation.
摘要翻译：泥炭，褐煤，煤，许多形式的生物质（土地或海洋）和固体废物可能具有与干固体相关的水的1/2至30倍。这些水中的一些可能是化学结合的，或者在其他方面可能通过机械手段几乎不可分离。在175℃至325℃的温度下在大量水存在下进行的湿空气氧化（WAO）的第一化学反应中，固体可能被氧气或空气部分氧化，压力为10 至100个大气压 - 优选240-300℃和70-100个大气压。高硫煤中的所有硫被选择性氧化成硫酸根; 并且将可燃物带到达到必要温度的热量通过燃烧可燃物本身的一部分来提供。无硫煤可以按常规使用。残留固体（现在是原始燃料的70％至95％）在干燥的基础上具有更高的热值，并且与所有的1/2至2磅的水机械分离。这些固体在高压下来自脱水单元，并且可以通过而不损失压力或温度，以便在常规方法和气化器中再次通过部分氧化气化。

4. 发明授权

US4151075A Separation of components of a fluid mixture 失效
标题翻译：分离流体混合物的组分
公开(公告)号：US4151075A
公开(公告)日：1979-04-24
申请号：US694954
申请日：1976-06-11
申请人： Donald F. Othmer
发明人： Donald F. Othmer
IPC分类号： B01D17/04 , B01D17/00 , B01D17/035 , B01D17/05 , B01D21/00 , B01D21/02 , C02F1/72 , C02F3/26 , C02C1/06
CPC分类号： C02F3/26 , B01D17/00 , B01D21/0045 , B01D21/0057 , B01D21/10 , B01D21/2488 , C02F1/72 , Y02W10/15
摘要： Fluid mixtures containing a carrying liquid as water and solid particles or oil, or both may be separated in a settling treatment by being passed through channels between plates which are tilted so that one side of all plates is lower than the other, whereby the more dense phase concentrates on the lower side to discharge therefrom as a stream containing at least most of the solid particles, if that represents the more dense phase; and clear water discharges substantially free of particles from the upper side of the channels. While accomplishing the separation of phases the process may simultaneously and rapidly destroy organic materials in waste liquors, such as sewage waters, by utilizing an oxidation depending on (a) pressure treatment to supply more oxygen in solution from air and/or oxygen that is obtainable under atmospheric pressure, (b) the utilization of this oxygen to supply BOD and COD in the liquid, due to strictly chemical, enzymatic, and/or aerobic reactions, (c) the depressurization to eliminate dissolved gases, and (d) the continuation of these steps to obtain less polluted effluent water.
摘要翻译：含有作为水和固体颗粒或油的载体液体或两者的流体混合物可以在沉降处理中通过穿过板之间的通道进行分离，所述通道倾斜使得所有板的一侧低于另一侧，由此更密集相位浓缩在下侧，作为至少含有大部分固体颗粒的物流排出，如果它代表更致密的相; 并且从通道的上侧基本上没有颗粒的清水排出。在完成阶段分离的同时，该过程可以通过利用氧化而同时且快速地破坏废液中的有机物质，这取决于（a）压力处理以从空气和/或氧气中提供更多的氧气从空气和/或氧气中获得在大气压下，（b）由于严格的化学，酶和/或需氧反应，使用这种氧气供应液体中的BOD和COD，（c）减压以消除溶解的气体，以及（d）继续的这些步骤以获得较少污染的流出水。

5. 发明授权

US4405343A Methanol dehydration 失效
标题翻译：甲醇脱水
公开(公告)号：US4405343A
公开(公告)日：1983-09-20
申请号：US413744
申请日：1982-09-01
申请人： Donald F. Othmer
发明人： Donald F. Othmer
IPC分类号： B01D53/04 , B01D53/26 , C07C29/74
CPC分类号： B01D53/0423 , B01D53/04 , B01D53/261 , C07C29/74 , B01D2257/7022 , B01D2259/402
摘要： Methanol is converted from syngas at high temperatures and pressures. The gas stream leaving the converter, at 300.degree. to 500.degree. C., above atmospheric pressure--usually between 750 to 7000 pounds per square inch, has besides the unreacted permanent gases of the syngas and others, methanol and water as well as other liquid impurities. Based on the weight of methanol, water may be present in from 0.5 to 20%, also small amounts of higher alcohols, dimethyl ether, etc. Condensation gives an aqueous liquid, from which the water must be separated if the methanol is to be used as a motor fuel. When this amount of water is low e.g. 0.5 to 12% this may be separated by adsorption most economically from the gas before condensation of the methanol. The energy in this gas stream at a high temperature and pressure above the ambient may be used to dehydrate completely the methanol, by the use of a conventional desiccant.
摘要翻译：甲醇在高温和高压下由合成气转化而成。在300〜500℃，高于大气压（通常为750〜7000磅/平方英寸）的气流中除了合成气等未反应的永久性气体外，还有甲醇和水以及其他液体杂质。基于甲醇的重量，水可以以0.5至20％存在，少量的高级醇，二甲醚等。冷凝得到水性液体，如果要使用甲醇，则必须从其中分离水作为汽油。当该水量低时，例如 0.5至12％，这可以通过甲烷冷凝前的气体最经济地吸附分离。在高于环境的高温和高压下，该气流中的能量可以通过使用常规的干燥剂来完全脱水甲醇。

6. 发明授权

US4017421A Wet combustion process 失效
标题翻译：湿法燃烧过程
公开(公告)号：US4017421A
公开(公告)日：1977-04-12
申请号：US641335
申请日：1975-12-16
申请人： Donald F. Othmer
发明人： Donald F. Othmer
IPC分类号： B01D3/06 , C01B31/08 , C02F1/02 , C02F1/26 , C02F11/08 , C07C53/08 , B01D15/06 , B01D1/14
CPC分类号： B01D3/065 , C01B31/087 , C02F1/02 , C02F1/025 , C02F1/265 , C02F11/08 , C07C53/08 , Y10S159/905 , Y10S210/918 , Y10S423/09
摘要： Aqueous solutions and suspensions of solid particles, even those containing less than one percent of organic materials, may be combusted with air, oxygen, or their mixtures in a process which provides for preheating in countercurrent batches of the raw original liquid by either open (direct contact) or closed (heat transfer surface) condensation of steam generated by multiple flash evaporations which cool earlier batches of hot liquid after the wet combustion. Excess heat may often be withdrawn from the process for power generation or other use as high pressure steam, with or without combustion gases and other non-condensibles. No pumps are necessary, liquid batches are pressurized by steam generated in the flash evaporations for which only one pressure vessel is required instead of the many in the continuous processes.Waste liquids as sewage sludges and black liquors from wood pulping may have their organic constituents, as measured by BOD or COD, so reduced that the final, spent liquid may be discharged directly to a receiving body of water.
摘要翻译：含有少于1％有机物质的固体颗粒的水溶液和悬浮液可以在空气，氧气或其混合物中燃烧，该方法通过开放（直接）将原始原液逆流批量预热接触）或闭合（传热表面）通过多次闪蒸发生的蒸汽的冷凝，其在湿式燃烧之后冷却较早批次的热液体。过热可能经常从用于发电或其他用途的过程中撤出，作为具有或不具有燃烧气体和其它不可冷凝物的高压蒸汽。不需要泵，液体批料通过在仅需要一个压力容器而不是连续过程中的许多的闪蒸蒸发中产生的蒸汽加压。

7. 发明授权

US3989510A Manufacture of titanium chloride and metallic iron from titaniferous materials containing iron oxides 失效
标题翻译：由含铁氧化物的含钛材料制造氯化钛和金属铁
公开(公告)号：US3989510A
公开(公告)日：1976-11-02
申请号：US460383
申请日：1974-04-12
申请人： Donald F. Othmer
发明人： Donald F. Othmer
IPC分类号： C21B13/00 , C21B15/00 , C22B34/12 , C22B1/00 , C22B5/10 , C22B5/16
CPC分类号： C21B13/006 , C21B15/006 , C22B34/1209 , C22B34/1222 , Y02P10/136 , Y02P10/23
摘要： A reactor operating at a maximum temperature above 1535.degree. C and up to about 1950.degree. C is charged with a mixture of: (a) iron bearing titaniferous ore or its concentrate, or a residue from other operations containing iron and titanium, at least some of which is present as oxides, also (b) silica -- combined or separately added, also (c) one or more chlorides of a third metal of the alkaline or alkaline earth group, such as common salt and/or calcium chloride, also (d) a solid reductant as coke. Some impurities of the original material are removed as volatile chlorides or oxy-chlorides; the titanium also goes off as TiCl.sub.4 in the gas stream, the iron is withdrawn as molten metallic iron, and the third metal added as the chloride: e.g., the sodium of the common salt or the calcium of its chloride unites with the silica to give a silicate, such as sodium silicate (water glass) and/or calcium silicate which acts as a flux to remove the gangue from the iron. Most of the chlorine is supplied by the chlorine in this third-metal chloride through the separation by the chloride interaction with the iron and titanium: including that leaving in the titanium tetra-chloride, and in other volatile chlorides or oxy-chlorides, or remaining in the gangue as non-volatile chlorides. This third metal, such as the sodium and/or calcium, unites with the silica to form an effective silicate flux to remove various solid impurities.
摘要翻译：在高于1535℃和高达约1950℃的最高温度下运行的反应器装入以下混合物：（a）含铁的含铁矿石或其浓缩物或含有铁和钛的其它操作的残渣至少一些（b）二氧化硅 - 组合或单独添加，还（c）一种或多种碱金属或碱土金属的第三金属的氯化物，例如普通盐和/或氯化钙，（ d）作为焦炭的固体还原剂。原料中的一些杂质作为挥发性氯化物或氧氯化物被除去; 钛也在气流中作为TiCl 4脱落，铁作为熔融金属铁取出，第三金属作为氯化物加入：例如，普通盐的钠或其氯化物的钙与二氧化硅结合，得到一种硅酸盐，例如硅酸钠（水玻璃）和/或硅酸钙，其用作助熔剂以从铁中除去脉石。大多数氯通过氯化物与铁和钛的相互作用的分离由氯在第三金属氯化物中供应，包括在四氯化钛和其它挥发性氯化物或氧氯化物中留下或残留的氯在ang石中作为非挥发性氯化物。该第三金属，例如钠和/或钙，与二氧化硅结合形成有效的硅酸盐助熔剂以除去各种固体杂质。

8. 发明授权

US3938988A Method for producing aluminum metal from its salts 失效
标题翻译：从其盐生产铝金属的方法
公开(公告)号：US3938988A
公开(公告)日：1976-02-17
申请号：US386411
申请日：1973-08-07
申请人： Donald F. Othmer
发明人： Donald F. Othmer
IPC分类号： C22B21/02 , C22B4/00
CPC分类号： C22B21/02
摘要： Aluminum metal in the gaseous state may be produced by breaking down of its salts at temperatures of at least 2500.degree. to 5500.degree.C. These very high temperatures may be reached in various ways, e.g., by producing a thermal plasma by means of a plasma arc or a plasma torch. There results a mixture of the two elemental gases; and the separation of the mixture is accomplished by instananeously chilling the hot gas stream from such a heater to a temperature of 136.degree. to 1500.degree.C in a "flash" cooler by contacting it directly with a liquid coolant, separately cooled. The liquid coolant may comprise the same aluminum salt as is fed to the plasma system; or it may be a solution of that compound with one or more other liquids, which solution may have a melting or boiling point in a desired temperature range; or it may be a quite different compound or compounds. The aluminum produced may be withdrawn as a liquid; or if the flash condenser operates below the melting point of aluminum, it may be obtained as a slurry of fine granules in the liquid coolant. The other elemental gas may pass through the liquid of the flash condenser uncondensed.
摘要翻译：处于气态的铝金属可以通过在至少2500℃至5500℃的温度下分解其盐而产生。这些非常高的温度可以以各种方式达到，例如通过通过等离子体产生热等离子体电弧或等离子体焰炬。导致两种元素气体混合; 并且混合物的分离是通过在“闪蒸”冷却器中通过将其直接与单独冷却的液体冷却剂接触而将来自这种加热器的热气流瞬间冷却至136℃至1500℃的温度来实现的。液体冷却剂可以包含与供给到等离子体系统相同的铝盐; 或者它可以是该化合物与一种或多种其它液体的溶液，该溶液可以具有所需温度范围内的熔点或沸点; 或者它可能是完全不同的化合物或化合物。生产的铝可以作为液体取出; 或者如果闪蒸冷凝器工作低于铝的熔点，则可以以液体冷却剂中的细颗粒的浆料获得。其他元素气体可以通过闪蒸冷凝器的液体，不经冷凝。

9. 发明授权

US4329156A Desulfurization of coal 失效
标题翻译：煤的脱硫
公开(公告)号：US4329156A
公开(公告)日：1982-05-11
申请号：US192731
申请日：1980-10-01
申请人： Donald F. Othmer
发明人： Donald F. Othmer
IPC分类号： C10J3/00 , C10L9/00 , C10L9/06 , C10L9/08
CPC分类号： C10J3/00 , C10J3/723 , C10J3/78 , C10L9/00 , C10J2300/0906 , C10J2300/0909 , C10J2300/0916 , C10J2300/093 , C10J2300/0946 , C10J2300/0956 , C10J2300/0959 , C10J2300/0976 , C10J2300/0996 , C10J2300/1671
摘要： Peat, lignite, coal, many forms of biomass (land or marine) and solid wastes may have from 1/2 to 30 times as much water associated with the dry solids. Some of this water may be chemically bound or otherwise may be practically inseparable by mechanical means. The solids may be partially oxidized by oxygen or air in the first chemical reactions of a Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) taking place in the presence of the large amount of water at temperatures of 175.degree. C. to 325.degree. C. and pressures of 10 to 100 atmospheres-preferably 240.degree. to 300.degree. C. and 70 to 100 atmospheres. All sulfur in high sulfur coal is oxidized selectively to the sulfate radical; and heat to bring the combustible up to the necessary temperature is supplied by burning part of the combustible itself. The sulfur free coal may be used as conventionally. Residual solids (now 70 to 95% of the original fuel) have a higher heating value on a dry basis, and are mechanically separated from all but 1/2 to 2 pounds of water.
摘要翻译：泥炭，褐煤，煤，许多形式的生物质（土地或海洋）和固体废物可能具有与干固体相关的水的1/2至30倍。这些水中的一些可能是化学结合的，或者在其他方面可能通过机械手段几乎不可分离。在175℃至325℃的温度下在大量水存在下进行的湿空气氧化（WAO）的第一化学反应中，固体可能被氧气或空气部分氧化，压力为10 至100个大气压 - 优选240-300℃和70-100个大气压。高硫煤中的所有硫被选择性氧化成硫酸根; 并且将可燃物带到达到必要温度的热量通过燃烧可燃物本身的一部分来提供。无硫煤可以按常规使用。残留固体（现在是原始燃料的70％至95％）在干燥的基础上具有更高的热值，并且与所有的1/2至2磅的水机械分离。

10. 发明授权

US4116712A Solvent refining of sugar 失效
标题翻译：糖的溶剂精制
公开(公告)号：US4116712A
公开(公告)日：1978-09-26
申请号：US830578
申请日：1977-09-06
申请人： Donald F. Othmer
发明人： Donald F. Othmer
IPC分类号： C13B20/00 , C13B30/14 , C13D1/14
CPC分类号： C13B30/14 , C13B20/005
摘要： There are numerous impurities in beet and cane sugar in the two phases in which it appears in the food industry and in commerce: -- as a solid phase in crystalline raw sugar, and as a liquid phase in concentrated syrups or molasses. These impurities, varying greatly with the source of the sugar, are extracted therefrom by solvents which are completely miscible with water, have molecular weights below 62 and contain a hydroxyl group: preferred solvents ethanol and acetic acid, also methanol. The crystalline nature of the solid raw sugar and the high solids content (40 to 80%) of such liquid solutions minimizes mutual solubility with the solvent which is enhanced by the use of a co-solvent -- acetone, also completely miscible with water, also with a molecular weight below 62, and allows counter current washing of the raw sugar or the liquid-liquid extraction of the sugar syrups.Impurities preferentially going to the solvent layer, and their extractability or the relative extractability of different impurities may be controlled by variation of (a) the solvent itself; (b) its water content; (c) its temperature; (d) its pH; (e) its ratio of admixture with acetone as the co-solvent, which reduces further the mutual solubility of the sugar and the miscibility with water; and particularly (f) the solids content of the syrup or molasses to be extracted.Highly refined sugar either as the syrup or as crystal sugar is made from the raffinate of the liquid washing or extraction; and the impurities may be separated to recover values conventionally lost.
摘要翻译：在食品工业和商业中出现的两个阶段，甜菜和甘蔗糖都有许多杂质： - 作为结晶原糖中的固相，以及浓缩糖浆或糖蜜中的液相。这些与糖源大不相同的杂质由与水完全混溶的溶剂提取，分子量低于62并含有羟基：优选的溶剂是乙醇和乙酸，也是甲醇。固体原糖的结晶性质和高固体含量（40至80％）的这种液体溶液使与溶剂的互溶性最小化，这通过使用也与水完全混溶的共溶剂 - 丙酮而增强，也是其分子量低于62，并允许逆流洗涤原糖或糖浆的液 - 液萃取。

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