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    • 12. 发明授权
    • Electro-optic signal measurement
    • 电光信号测量
    • US5006789A
    • 1991-04-09
    • US491785
    • 1990-03-12
    • Steven Williamson
    • Steven Williamson
    • G01R1/07
    • G01R1/071
    • Electro-optic probes which are adapted to be placed in the fringe field from electrical signals propagating on conductors (which may be conductors of an integrated circuit) and which modulate optical pulses passing therethrough, for example by modulating the polarization of the light in accordance with the Pockels effect, utilize thin bodies of electro-optic material, such as a single crystal of GaAs in a manner to reduce physical damage to the probe and to the circuit and to precisely locate the probe in the field of the signal being measured, such as adjacent to the conductor of interest. The electro-optic material that is used may also be implanted with high energy ions of low Z materials (e.g. hydrogen or oxygen) so as to create charge trapping sites and to reduce the photo conductivity of the semiconductive electro-optic material sufficiently that the dielectric relaxation time (where photo current through the material reduces by ) is less than the duration of the optical pulses without eliminating the electro-optic (e.g. Pockels) effect. Charge carriers are trapped and cannot screen the electric field lines due to the electrical signal being measured which extend between the charge trapping sites where sufficient undamaged electro-optic material remains and enables the field and therefore the signal corresponding thereto to be measured.
    • 电光探针适于从在导体(可以是集成电路的导体)上传播并且调制通过其的光脉冲的电信号放置在条纹场中,例如通过调制根据 普克尔斯效应利用诸如GaAs单晶的电光材料薄体,以减少对探头和电路的物理损伤,并将探头精确地定位在被测信号的场中,例如 与感兴趣的导体相邻。 所使用的电光材料也可以用低Z材料(例如氢或氧)的高能量离子注入,以便产生电荷捕获位点并且充分地降低半导体电光材料的光电导率,使得电介质 弛豫时间(其中通过材料的光电流减少)小于光脉冲的持续时间,而不消除电光(例如Pockels)效应。 电荷载体被捕获,并且由于被测量的电信号在电荷俘获位置之间延伸而不能屏蔽电场线,其中足够的未损坏的电光材料保留,并使能场并因此测量对应于其的信号。
    • 13. 发明授权
    • Fire fighting trainer
    • 消防教练
    • US4983124A
    • 1991-01-08
    • US387348
    • 1989-08-09
    • James J. ErnstSteven WilliamsonGeorge RogersDominick J. Musto
    • James J. ErnstSteven WilliamsonGeorge RogersDominick J. Musto
    • A62C99/00G09B9/00G09B19/00
    • A62C99/0081G09B19/00G09B9/00
    • A fire fighting trainer for use in training fire fighters is provided. The fire fighting trainer includes a structure having a plurality of chambers having concrete or grating floors. Each chamber contains one or a series of real or simulated items, which are chosen from a group of items, such as furniture and fixtures and equipment. The trainer also includes a smoke generating system having a smoke generator having a smoke line with an outlet for each chamber. The trainer also includes a propane gas flame generating system having at least one propane gas pressure controller and a gas line with a burner control and a single element or multi-element burner for each chamber. The trainer has a main control panel for regulating the flame generating system and the smoke generating system and for controlling the single fire or spreading fire and smoke in each chamber. The trainer also has one or more sensor assemblies in each chamber, which senses water, foam, powder and temperature, and which is connected to the main control panel to sense the report what and where and how an extinguishing material or medium or agent is being used in each chamber during a test of trainees or fire fighters, so that the single fire or spreading fire and smoke can be simultaneously regulated or reset to suit the conditions in the chamber.
    • 提供用于训练消防员的消防训练员。 消防训练器包括具有多个具有混凝土或光栅底板的室的结构。 每个房间包含一个或一系列真实或模拟物品,其从一组物品中选择,例如家具和固定装置和设备。 培训者还包括具有烟雾发生器的烟雾发生系统,烟雾发生器具有烟雾线,每个烟室具有出口。 培训者还包括一个丙烷气体火焰发生系统,该系统具有至少一个丙烷气体压力控制器和一个具有燃烧器控制的气体管线和用于每个室的单个元件或多元件燃烧器。 培训师具有用于调节火焰发生系统和烟雾发生系统的主控制面板,并且用于控制每个室中的单个火焰或扩散的火和烟。 培训师还在每个室中还具有一个或多个传感器组件,其感测水,泡沫,粉末和温度,并且连接到主控制面板以感测报告什么以及如何以及如何灭火材料或介质或代理 在受训人员或消防员的测试期间,在每个舱室中使用,以便可以同时调节或重置单个火灾或扩散的火和烟,以适应室内的条件。
    • 14. 发明授权
    • System for electrical signal sampling with ultrashort optical pulses
    • 超短脉冲电信号采样系统
    • US4910454A
    • 1990-03-20
    • US355512
    • 1989-05-23
    • Steven Williamson
    • Steven Williamson
    • G01R15/00G01R1/07G01R13/34G01R19/00G01R31/302G02F1/03
    • G01R1/071G01R13/347
    • An electrical signal sampling system uses ultrashort optical pulses (of the order of 10 ps of less) to probe the electrical field from the signal being sampled. The probe is comprised of a modulator in the form of a Fabry-Perot optical interferometer (FP) incorporating a thin film of electro-optic material which may either be an index varying or piezo-electric material. This material, incorporated within the FP and subjected to an electric field, will cause a change in optical transmission characteristic by changing the optical path difference of the FP cavity. The bandwidth for the edge of the transmission window of the FP becomes much greater (by at least approximately 10 times) than the bandwidth of the optical pulses. The thickness or index of the electro-optic material is then adjusted so that the spectrum of the optical pulse falls on one edge (preferably at the 50% transmission point) of the transmission window. The electrical field then changes the optical path (the product of the refractive index and cavity thickness), by either changing the thickness or refractive index of the FP. The electro-optic material is preferably an electro-optic material that exhibits a strong pockels effect or a piezo-electric polymer oriented so that its rotational axis of symmetry (c-axis) is aligned with the E-vector of the electric field being sampled. The reflectivity of the FP, the thickness of the thin film which defines the FP cavity and the uniformity of the index is such that the finesse of the FP is high (suitably of the order of 10-100), and the sensitivity of the electro-optic modulator (the electro optic effect therein) is enhanced by an amount equal to the finesse.
    • 电信号采样系统使用超短脉冲(大约10ps的数量级)来从被采样信号探测电场。 该探针由掺有可以是折射率变化或压电材料的电光材料薄膜的法布里 - 珀罗光学干涉仪(FP)形式的调制器组成。 这种掺入FP内并经受电场的材料将通过改变FP腔的光程差导致光传输特性的变化。 FP的传输窗口的边缘的带宽比光脉冲的带宽大得多(至少约10倍)。 然后调整电光材料的厚度或折射率,使得光脉冲的光谱落在透射窗的一个边缘(优选在50%透射点处)。 然后通过改变FP的厚度或折射率来改变光路(折射率和空腔厚度的乘积)。 电光材料优选是表现出强卡克效应的电光材料或取向为使得其旋转对称轴(c轴)与被采样的电场的E矢量对准的压电聚合物取向的电光材料 。 FP的反射率,限定FP腔的薄膜的厚度和指数的均匀性使得FP的精细度高(适当地为10-100的数量级),并且电极的灵敏度 - 光学调制器(其中的电光效应)增加了等于光亮度的量。