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1. 发明授权

US5521882A Measurement of formation characteristics using acoustic borehole tool having sources of different frequencies 失效
标题翻译：使用具有不同频率源的声孔工具测量地层特征
公开(公告)号：US5521882A
公开(公告)日：1996-05-28
申请号：US298919
申请日：1994-08-31
申请人： Ralph D'Angelo , Christopher V. Kimball , Sergio Kostek , Thomas J. Plona , Kenneth W. Winkler
发明人： Ralph D'Angelo , Christopher V. Kimball , Sergio Kostek , Thomas J. Plona , Kenneth W. Winkler
IPC分类号： G01V1/30 , G01V1/44 , G01V1/52 , G01V1/40
CPC分类号： G01V1/303 , G01V1/44 , G01V1/52 , G01N2291/02491 , G01N2291/0421 , G01N2291/0422
摘要： Apparatus and methods for determining an indication of a nonlinear property of a formation traversed by a borehole are provided. An acoustic tool is used in a borehole to generate first and second signals of different frequencies. As a result of nonlinearities in the formation, the mixing of the first and second signals results in a third signal having a frequency equal to the difference of the frequencies of the first and second signals. The amplitude of the third signal is measured by a detector, and the indication of nonlinearity of the formation is determined according to a relationship which relates the measured amplitude at the measured frequency to the amplitudes of the first and second signals, the frequency of measurement, the velocity of the measured wave, the distance of the receiver from the source, and a function of the nonlinear and linear parameters of the formation. The indication of nonlinearity may then be utilized to give an indication of the relative consolidation of the formation surrounding the borehole.
摘要翻译：提供了用于确定由钻孔穿过的地层的非线性特征的指示的装置和方法。在井眼中使用声学工具来产生不同频率的第一和第二信号。作为形成中的非线性的结果，第一和第二信号的混合导致具有等于第一和第二信号的频率差的频率的第三信号。第三信号的振幅由检测器测量，并且根据将测得的频率处的测量幅度与第一和第二信号的幅度，测量频率相关联的关系确定地层的非线性指示，测量波的速度，接收器距离源的距离，以及地层的非线性和线性参数的函数。然后可以使用非线性的指示来给出围绕钻孔的地层的相对固结的指示。

2. 发明授权

US5309404A Receiver apparatus for use in logging while drilling 失效
标题翻译：接收装置，用于钻井时记录
公开(公告)号：US5309404A
公开(公告)日：1994-05-03
申请号：US722321
申请日：1991-06-28
申请人： Sergio Kostek , Thomas J. Plona , Shu-Kong Chang
发明人： Sergio Kostek , Thomas J. Plona , Shu-Kong Chang
IPC分类号： G01V1/48 , G01V1/52 , G01V1/40
CPC分类号： G01V1/48 , G01V1/52 , Y10S367/911
摘要： An apparatus for reducing or eliminating the effects of a quadrupole component of an acoustic signal received from a transversely mounted acoustic source in a drill collar of a logging while drilling tool. The apparatus includes a drill collar for supporting a drill bit, a transversely mounted transmitter situated in a first horizontal plane in the drill collar which transmits acoustic energy into an earth formation. The drill collar also houses at least one receiver mounted in a second horizontal plane in the drill collar at an angular displacement from the transmitter such that the effects of a quadrupole component of the acoustic energy detected by the receiver are rendered insignificant.
摘要翻译：一种用于减少或消除从钻井工具的钻铤中从横向安装的声源接收的声信号的四极分量的影响的装置。该装置包括用于支撑钻头的钻铤，位于钻铤中的第一水平平面中的横向安装的发射器，其将声能传递到地层中。钻铤还容纳至少一个接收器，其安装在钻铤中的第二水平平面中，与发射器成角度位移，使得由接收器检测到的声能的四极分量的影响变得不显着。

3. 发明授权

US5796677A Method of sonic logging while drilling a borehole traversing an earth formation 失效
标题翻译：在穿过地层钻孔的声波测井方法
公开(公告)号：US5796677A
公开(公告)日：1998-08-18
申请号：US235625
申请日：1994-04-29
申请人： Sergio Kostek , Shu-Kong Chang , Gordon McDaniel , Thomas Plona , Curtis Randall , Jean-Pierre Masson , James C. Mayes , Kai Hsu
发明人： Sergio Kostek , Shu-Kong Chang , Gordon McDaniel , Thomas Plona , Curtis Randall , Jean-Pierre Masson , James C. Mayes , Kai Hsu
IPC分类号： G01V1/48 , G01V1/50 , G01V1/52 , G01V1/40
CPC分类号： G01V1/50 , G01V1/48 , G01V1/52
摘要： The present invention is directed to sonic logging while drilling. A transmitter and at least one receiver are mounted on a drill collar for performing sonic investigations of the formation traversed by a borehole. It has been discovered that a drill collar has a natural stop band or notch where acoustic energy propagating in this frequency range is severely attenuated. Thus, to reduce drill collar acoustic coupling, the transmitter is operated within this natural stop band of the drill collar. An imperforate stop band filter is also included between the transmitter and receiver to enhance the natural stop band. The transmitter is mounted transverse to the longitudinal axis of the drill collar, and is preferably mounted within means that reduce drill collar acoustic coupling. The transmitter preferably includes a material whose acoustic response is more favorable along its longitudinal axis relative to its radial axis, thereby directing the acoustic energy into the formation rather than the surrounding drill collar. Received acoustic energy waveforms are electronically processed to reliably detect, in the presence of drilling noise, those acoustic signals which are produced by the transmitter and transmitted through the formation.
摘要翻译：本发明涉及在钻探时的声波测井。发射器和至少一个接收器安装在钻铤上，用于对由钻孔穿过的地层进行声波研究。已经发现钻铤具有自然的阻挡带或凹口，其中在该频率范围内传播的声能被严重衰减。因此，为了减少钻铤声耦合，变送器在钻铤的这个自然停止带内操作。发射器和接收器之间还包括一个无孔挡板滤波器，以增强自然阻挡带。发射器横向于钻铤的纵向轴线安装，并且优选地安装在减少钻铤声耦合的装置内。发射器优选地包括其声响应相对于其径向轴线沿其纵向轴线更有利的材料，从而将声能引导到地层而不是周围的钻铤。接收到的声能波形被电子处理，以便在存在钻井噪声的情况下可靠地检测由发射机产生并通过地层传输的那些声信号。

4. 发明授权

US5398215A Identification of stress induced anisotropy in formations 失效
标题翻译：确定地层中应力诱导的各向异性
公开(公告)号：US5398215A
公开(公告)日：1995-03-14
申请号：US225016
申请日：1994-04-08
申请人： Bikash K. Sinha , Sergio Kostek
发明人： Bikash K. Sinha , Sergio Kostek
IPC分类号： G01V1/44 , G01V1/40
CPC分类号： G01V1/44
摘要： Low and high frequency flexural waves or their equivalents are generated with dipole or other source transducers. From measurements made at receiving transducers which are oriented at two orthogonal directions in a horizontal plane normal to the borehole axis, and via known processing techniques, the received signals are transformed into arrivals as a function of frequency such that the principal polarization directions and the magnitudes of the maximum and minimum wave velocities at those directions are determined at different frequencies. If the maximum velocity of the relatively low frequency flexural waves are in a first principal polarization direction, and the maximum velocity of the relatively high frequency flexural waves are in a second principal polarization direction which is substantially normal to the first principal direction, uniaxial stress in the formation is attributed to stress induced azimuthal anisotropy as opposed to an instrinsic anistropy in the formation. Then, the low frequency information can be utilized to obtain a value for a formation shear stress parameter such as c.sub.456 T.sub.23.sup.max /c.sub.66, where c.sub.456 is a third order elastic constant of the formation in Voigt notation c.sub.66 is the formation shear modulus and T.sub.23.sup.max is the magnitude of the formation shear stress in a direction forty-five degrees from the maximum far-field compressive stress direction.
摘要翻译：低频和高频弯曲波或其等效物由偶极子或其他源传感器产生。从接收在垂直于钻孔轴的水平面中的两个正交方向上的换能器进行的测量，并且通过已知的处理技术，接收的信号被转换为作为频率的函数的到达，使得主极化方向和幅度在不同的频率下确定这些方向上的最大和最小波速。如果相对低频弯曲波的最大速度处于第一主极化方向，并且相对高频弯曲波的最大速度处于基本上垂直于第一主方向的第二主极化方向，则单轴应力形成归因于应力诱发的方位各向异性，而不是地层中的固有不稳定性。然后，可以利用低频信息获得诸如c456T23max / c66的地层剪切应力参数的值，其中c456是Voigt符号中的形成的三阶弹性常数c66是地层剪切模量，T23max是幅度的最大远场压应力方向四十五度的地层剪切应力。

5. 发明授权

US5646379A Attentuator for borehole acoustic waves 失效
标题翻译：井眼声波注意事项
公开(公告)号：US5646379A
公开(公告)日：1997-07-08
申请号：US527736
申请日：1995-09-13
申请人： Chuar-Jian Hsu , David L. Johnson , Sergio Kostek , Abderrhamane Ounadjela
发明人： Chuar-Jian Hsu , David L. Johnson , Sergio Kostek , Abderrhamane Ounadjela
IPC分类号： G01V1/20 , G01N29/09 , G01S7/521 , G01S15/88 , G01V1/40 , G01V1/52 , G10K11/16 , G10K11/162 , G01V1/00
CPC分类号： G10K11/162 , G01V1/523
摘要： An attenuator for use in attenuating tube waves in a borehole includes a body formed from a permeable material having a rigid matrix which can be saturated with fluid. In its simplest form, the attenuator is one or more cylindrical bodies as part of a borehole acoustic logging system. Alternatively, the shape, particularly at the end regions, can be modified to reduce the amount of reflection of tube waves in the borehole. Another attenuator includes a body for placement in a borehole formed from an attenuating material, the shape of the body being selected such that the change in impedance experienced by acoustic waves in the borehole is gradual rather than abrupt. One particularly preferred shape for the body comprises one in which the diameter is greatest towards the center of the body, for example the shape formed by two cones placed base to base, or a cylinder having conically tapered ends. A number of bodies can be used where appropriate.
摘要翻译：用于衰减井眼中的管波的衰减器包括由可渗透材料形成的主体，该主体具有可被流体饱和的刚性基体。在其最简单的形式中，衰减器是作为钻孔声学测井系统的一部分的一个或多个圆柱体。或者，特别是在端部区域处的形状可以被修改以减少井眼中的管波的反射量。另一个衰减器包括用于放置在由衰减材料形成的钻孔中的主体，主体的形状被选择为使得钻孔中的声波经历的阻抗的变化是渐进的而不是突然的。身体的一个特别优选的形状包括其中直径朝向身体中心最大的形状，例如由基部到底部放置的两个锥体形成的形状，或具有锥形锥形端部的圆柱体。在适当的地方可以使用许多机构。

6. 发明授权

US5475650A Measurement of nonlinear properties of formation using sonic borehole tool while changing pressure in borehole 失效
标题翻译：使用声波钻孔工具在改变井眼压力的同时测量地层的非线性特性
公开(公告)号：US5475650A
公开(公告)日：1995-12-12
申请号：US298900
申请日：1994-08-31
申请人： Bikash K. Sinha , Sergio Kostek
发明人： Bikash K. Sinha , Sergio Kostek
IPC分类号： G01V1/44 , G01V1/40 , E21B47/00 , G01V1/143
CPC分类号： G01V1/44
摘要： A method of investigating a formation traversed by a borehole includes, measuring at a plurality of different static borehole pressures the acoustic Stoneley and/or flexural wave velocities of waves propagating through the borehole and formation, and generating an indication of the nonlinearity of the formation by processing the velocity measurements. The velocity measurements are processed either by determining a fractional change in the measured acoustic velocity and dividing that fractional change by the change in borehole pressure to provide frequency dependent acoustoelastic coefficients, or by determining the fractional change in the measured acoustic velocity, and subtracting from the fractional change a component generated by the borehole fluid and a component due to linear aspects of the formation to provide a nonlinear formation component. By processing the velocity measurements at a plurality of frequencies, the nonlinear formation components are used to find nonlinear parameters of the formations. The nonlinear parameters are then used in conjunction with shear wave velocity information and a database of experimental data, to determine the stress in the formation, the strength of the formation, and therefrom, the amount of additional stress required to fracture the formation.
摘要翻译：一种调查由钻孔穿过的地层的方法包括：在多个不同的静态井眼压力下测量声波斯利利和/或通过钻孔传播的波的弯曲波速度和形成，并且通过以下方式产生地层非线性的指示：处理速度测量。通过确定测量的声速的分数变化并将该分数变化除以钻孔压力的变化以提供频率依赖的声弹性系数，或者通过确定测量的声速的分数变化，并从由于地层流体和由地层的线性方面产生的分量而产生的分量分数变化，以提供非线性地层分量。通过处理多个频率处的速度测量，使用非线性形成分量来找到地层的非线性参数。然后将非线性参数与剪切波速度信息和实验数据数据库结合使用，以确定地层中的应力，地层的强度，以及由此形成的裂缝所需的附加应力的数量。

7. 发明授权

US5852587A Method of and apparatus for sonic logging while drilling a borehole traversing an earth formation 失效
标题翻译：在穿过地层钻孔的钻孔过程中进行声波测井的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US5852587A
公开(公告)日：1998-12-22
申请号：US839969
申请日：1992-02-20
申请人： Sergio Kostek , Shu-Kong Chang , Gordon McDaniel , Thomas Plona , Curtis Randall
发明人： Sergio Kostek , Shu-Kong Chang , Gordon McDaniel , Thomas Plona , Curtis Randall
IPC分类号： G01V1/48 , G01V1/52 , G01V1/40
CPC分类号： G01V1/52 , G01V1/46
摘要： The present invention is directed to sonic logging while drilling. A transmitter and at least one receiver are mounted on a drill collar for performing sonic investigations of the formation traversing a borehole. It has been discovered that a drill collar has a natural stop band or notch where acoustic energy propagating in this frequency range is severely attenuated. Thus, to reduce drill collar acoustic coupling, the transmitter is operated within this natural stop band of the drill collar. An imperforate stop band filter is also included between the transmitter and receiver to amplify the natural stop band. The transmitter is mounted transvere to the longitudinal axis of the drill collar, and is preferably mounted within means that reduce drill collar acoustic coupling. The transmitter preferably includes a material whose acoustic response is more favorable along its longitudinal axis relative to its radial axis, thereby directing the acoustic energy into the formation rather than the surrounding drill collar.
摘要翻译：本发明涉及在钻探时的声波测井。发射器和至少一个接收器安装在钻铤上，用于对穿过钻孔的地层进行声波研究。已经发现钻铤具有自然的阻挡带或凹口，其中在该频率范围内传播的声能被严重衰减。因此，为了减少钻铤声耦合，变送器在钻铤的这个自然停止带内操作。发射机和接收机之间还包括一个无孔挡板滤波器，以放大自然停带。变送器安装在钻铤的纵向轴线上，并且优选地安装在减少钻铤声耦合的装置内。发射器优选地包括其声响应相对于其径向轴线沿其纵向轴线更有利的材料，从而将声能引导到地层而不是周围的钻铤。

8. 发明授权

US5485431A Measurement of nonlinear formation parameters using sonic borehole tool 失效
标题翻译：使用声波钻孔工具测量非线性成形参数
公开(公告)号：US5485431A
公开(公告)日：1996-01-16
申请号：US154645
申请日：1993-11-19
申请人： David L. Johnson , Sergio Kostek , Andrew Norris
发明人： David L. Johnson , Sergio Kostek , Andrew Norris
IPC分类号： G01V1/44 , G01V1/40
CPC分类号： G01V1/44
摘要： Methods and apparatus are provided for determining an indication of a nonlinear property of the formation. A sonic tool is used in a borehole to generate a signal having multiple cycles of a wave of a predetermined frequency. The amplitude of a tube wave resulting from the signal is measured. The measured amplitude is then used to determine an indication of the nonlinearity of the formation according to a relationship which relates the measured amplitude to the amplitude of a second harmonic tube wave which is generated in the borehole by the tube wave of the predetermined frequency due to the nonlinear property of the formation. The indication of nonlinearity may then be utilized to give an indication of the relative consolidation of the formation surrounding the borehole.
摘要翻译：提供了用于确定地层的非线性特征的指示的方法和装置。在井眼中使用声波工具来产生具有预定频率的波的多个周期的信号。测量由信号产生的管波的振幅。然后测量的振幅用于根据一个关系确定地层的非线性的指示，该关系将测量的幅度与由于预定频率的管波在钻孔中产生的二次谐波管波的振幅相关联，这是由于形成的非线性特性。然后可以使用非线性的指示来给出围绕钻孔的地层的相对固结的指示。

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