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1. 发明授权

US06605391B2 Solid gel membrane 失效
标题翻译：固体凝胶膜
公开(公告)号：US06605391B2
公开(公告)日：2003-08-12
申请号：US09259068
申请日：1999-02-26
申请人： Muguo Chen , Tsepin Tsai , Wayne Yao , Yuen-Ming Chang , Lin-Feng Li , Karen Tom
发明人： Muguo Chen , Tsepin Tsai , Wayne Yao , Yuen-Ming Chang , Lin-Feng Li , Karen Tom
IPC分类号： H01M214
CPC分类号： B01D67/0006 , B01D69/10 , B01D69/141 , B01D2323/16 , B01D2323/30 , B01D2323/34 , B01D2325/26 , C08F257/02 , C08F283/00 , G02F1/1525 , H01B1/121 , H01B1/122 , H01M6/22 , H01M12/06 , H01M12/08 , Y02E60/128 , Y10T70/5624 , C08F220/54
摘要： A highly conductive polymer based solid gel membrane is disclosed. The membrane is especially well suited for use in such electrochemical devices as, for example, aluminum/air, zinc/air, Zn/MnO2, Ni/Cd and hydrogen fuel cells, as well as in electrochromic devices such as smart windows and flat panel displays. In accordance with the principles of the invention, anion- and cation-conducting membranes are formed. The gel composition of the membrane contains the ionic species within its solution phase such that the species behaves as in a liquid electrolyte, while at the same time, the solid gel composition prevents the solution phase from diffusing into the device. Methods of forming polymer based solid gel membranes of the present invention are also disclosed.
摘要翻译：公开了一种高导电性聚合物基固体凝胶膜。该膜特别适用于诸如铝/空气，锌/空气，Zn / MnO 2，Ni / Cd和氢燃料电池的这种电化学装置，以及电致变色装置如智能窗和平板显示。根据本发明的原理，形成阴离子和阳离子导电膜。膜的凝胶组成在其溶液相中含有离子物质，使得物质的作用与液体电解质相同，同时固体凝胶组合物阻止溶液相扩散到器件中。还公开了形成本发明聚合物基固体凝胶膜的方法。

2. 发明授权

US06183914B2 Polymer-based hydroxide conducting membranes 失效
标题翻译：聚合物基氢氧化物导电膜
公开(公告)号：US06183914B2
公开(公告)日：2001-02-06
申请号：US09156135
申请日：1998-09-17
申请人： Wayne Yao , Tsepin Tsai , Yuen-Ming Chang , Muguo Chen
发明人： Wayne Yao , Tsepin Tsai , Yuen-Ming Chang , Muguo Chen
IPC分类号： H01M810
CPC分类号： H01M6/181 , H01M8/1023 , H01M8/1044 , H01M8/1081 , H01M12/06 , Y02P70/56
摘要： A polymer-based electrolyte composition having excellent film-forming properties, flexibility, mechanical strength and high hydroxide conductivity is disclosed. The composition comprises an organic polymer having an alkyl quaternary ammonium salt structure; a nitrogen-containing, heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salt; and a metal hydroxide salt. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is cast in the form of a film that is suitable for use as an ion-conducting or other specialty membrane in a power source, such as for example an alkaline battery or fuel cell, that relies on hydroxide anion transport for its operation.
摘要翻译：公开了一种具有优异成膜性，柔韧性，机械强度和高氢氧化物导电性的聚合物基电解质组合物。该组合物包含具有烷基季铵盐结构的有机聚合物; 含氮杂环季铵盐; 和金属氢氧化物盐。在优选的实施方案中，组合物以适合用作电源（例如碱性电池或燃料电池）中的离子传导或其它特殊膜的膜的形式浇铸，所述电源或依赖于氢氧根阴离子运输运作。

3. 发明授权

US06558825B1 Fuel containment and recycling system 失效
标题翻译：燃油遏制和回收系统
公开(公告)号：US06558825B1
公开(公告)日：2003-05-06
申请号：US09570798
申请日：2000-05-12
申请人： Sadeg M. Faris , Tsepin Tsai , Wayne Yao , Yuen-Ming Chang
发明人： Sadeg M. Faris , Tsepin Tsai , Wayne Yao , Yuen-Ming Chang
IPC分类号： H01M806
CPC分类号： H01M6/5011 , H01M2/40 , H01M4/02 , H01M6/5077 , H01M8/18 , H01M8/225 , H01M10/4214 , H01M12/06 , H01M2300/0014
摘要： An energy conversion system, comprising: a reservoir container including at least two chambers of inversely variable volume for respectively storing a quantity of fuel and receiving a quantity of exhaust; a means for decreasing the volume of the first chamber while concurrently increasing the volume of the second chamber; at least one energy conversion device; first means for communicating fuel between the at least one energy conversion device and a first of the chambers in the reservoir container; and second means for communicating exhaust between the at least one energy conversion device and a second of the chambers in the reservoir container. The reservoir container may be transported to a recharging/refilling station or recharged in-situ. A particular application for metal-air fuel cell power systems is shown and described.
摘要翻译：一种能量转换系统，包括：容器容器，其包括至少两个反向容积的室，用于分别储存一定数量的燃料并接收一定数量的排气; 用于减小第一室的体积同时增加第二室的体积的装置; 至少一个能量转换装置; 用于在所述至少一个能量转换装置和所述储存容器中的所述室中的第一室之间连通燃料的第一装置; 以及用于在所述至少一个能量转换装置和所述储存器容器中的第二室之间连通排气的第二装置。储存容器可以运送到充电/再填充站或原位充电。金属 - 空气燃料电池电力系统的特殊应用被显示和描述。

4. 发明授权

US06544678B2 Metal-air fuel cell battery system employing metal-fuel cards 失效
标题翻译：采用金属燃料卡的金属空气燃料电池系统
公开(公告)号：US06544678B2
公开(公告)日：2003-04-08
申请号：US09760003
申请日：2001-01-11
申请人： Sadeg M. Faris , Yuen-Ming Chang , Tsepin Tsai , Wayne Yao
发明人： Sadeg M. Faris , Yuen-Ming Chang , Tsepin Tsai , Wayne Yao
IPC分类号： H01M1206
CPC分类号： H01M4/42 , B60L11/1883 , B60L11/1892 , B60L11/1898 , B60L2200/26 , B60L2210/40 , H01M2/1673 , H01M4/8605 , H01M6/5011 , H01M8/184 , H01M8/186 , H01M8/22 , H01M10/4214 , H01M10/44 , H01M12/06 , H01M12/08 , H01M2004/024 , H01M2300/0085 , H02J7/00 , Y02E60/128 , Y02T10/7241 , Y02T90/34
摘要： Improved metal-air fuel cell battery systems having metal-fuel realized in the form of metal-fuel tape cartridges and metal-fuel cards, which can be either manually or automatically inserted within the power generation bay of the system. In order to produce a range of output voltages, the metal-fuel tape has a plurality of electrically-isolated metal-fuel tracks and the metal-fuel cards have a plurality of electrically-isolated metal-fuel strips. An output voltage configuration subsystem is provided for configuring the voltages produced by the individual cells to produce a desired output. A subsystem is provided for detecting oxide formation on the metal-fuel tracks and strips so that only metal-fuel that has been oxidized is reduced during recharging operations. A subsystem is also provided for controlling the flow of oxygen into the power generation head in order to control the power output from the system.
摘要翻译：具有以金属 - 燃料带盒和金属 - 燃料卡形式实现的具有金属燃料的改进的金属 - 空气燃料电池系统，其可以手动地或自动地插入到系统的发电隔间内。为了产生一定范围的输出电压，金属 - 燃料带具有多个电气隔离的金属 - 燃料轨迹，并且金属 - 燃料卡具有多个电隔离的金属 - 燃料带。提供输出电压配置子系统用于配置由各个单元产生的电压以产生期望的输出。提供了一种用于检测金属 - 燃料轨道和条带上的氧化物形成的子系统，使得在再充电操作期间，只有已被氧化的金属 - 燃料被减少。还提供了一个子系统，用于控制进入发电头的氧气流，以便控制从系统输出的功率。

5. 发明授权

US06309771B1 Metal-air fuel cell battery system employing substantially planar metal-fuel cards of rigid construction insertable into a power generation bay of the system 失效
标题翻译：金属空气燃料电池系统采用基本平坦的刚性结构的金属 - 燃料卡，可插入系统的发电间隔
公开(公告)号：US06309771B1
公开(公告)日：2001-10-30
申请号：US09143895
申请日：1998-08-31
申请人： Sadeg M. Faris , Yuen-Ming Chang , Tsepin Tsai , Wayne Yao
发明人： Sadeg M. Faris , Yuen-Ming Chang , Tsepin Tsai , Wayne Yao
IPC分类号： H01M470
CPC分类号： H01M4/42 , B60L11/1883 , B60L11/1892 , B60L11/1898 , B60L2200/26 , B60L2210/40 , H01M2/1673 , H01M4/8605 , H01M6/5011 , H01M8/184 , H01M8/186 , H01M8/22 , H01M10/4214 , H01M10/44 , H01M12/06 , H01M12/08 , H01M2004/024 , H01M2300/0085 , H02J7/00 , Y02E60/128 , Y02T10/7241 , Y02T90/34
摘要： Improved metal-air fuel cell battery systems having metal-fuel realized in the form of substantially planar metal-fuel cards of rigid construction, which can be either manually or automatically inserted within the power generation bay of the system. The power generation bay includes at least one electrically-conductive cathode element supported by a cathode support structure in a stationary position with respect to the cathode support structure, and at least one electrically-conductive anode-contacting element supported by an anode contacting structure in a stationary position with respect to the anode contacting structure. In order to produce a range of output voltages, the power generation bay includes a plurality of cells comprising cathode elements spatially arranged with anode contacting elements, and each metal-fuel card has a plurality of electrically-isolated metal-fuel strips that are spatially arranged with these cells when the metal-fuel card is inserted to the power generation bay. An output voltage configuration subsystem is provided for configuring the voltages produced by the individual cells to produce a desired output. A subsystem is provided for detecting oxide formation on the metal-fuel strips so that only metal-fuel that has been oxidized is reduced during recharging operations. A subsystem is also provided for controlling the flow of oxygen into the power generation head in order to control the power output from the system.
摘要翻译：改进的具有金属燃料的金属 - 空气燃料电池系统，其实现为具有刚性结构的基本平坦的金属 - 燃料卡的形式，其可以手动地或自动地插入系统的发电间隔中。发电间隔包括至少一个由相对于阴极支撑结构处于静止位置的阴极支撑结构支撑的导电阴极元件，以及由阳极接触结构支撑的至少一个导电阳极接触元件，相对于阳极接触结构的静止位置。为了产生一定范围的输出电压，发电室包括多个单元，其包括空间上布置有阳极接触元件的阴极元件，并且每个金属 - 燃料卡具有空间上布置的多个电隔离的金属 - 燃料带当金属 - 燃料卡被插入发电舱时，这些电池。提供输出电压配置子系统用于配置由各个单元产生的电压以产生期望的输出。提供了一种用于检测金属 - 燃料条上的氧化物形成的子系统，使得在再充电操作期间仅减少已被氧化的金属 - 燃料。还提供了一个子系统，用于控制进入发电头的氧气流，以便控制从系统输出的功率。

6. 发明授权

US06383673B1 Metal-fuel card with a plurality of metal-fuel elements and corresponding contact apertures, and electro-chemical electric power generation devices employing same 失效
标题翻译：具有多个金属燃料元件和相应的接触孔的金属燃料卡，以及采用该金属燃料元件的电化学发电装置
公开(公告)号：US06383673B1
公开(公告)日：2002-05-07
申请号：US09143889
申请日：1998-08-31
申请人： Sadeg M. Faris , Yuen-Ming Chang , Tsepin Tsai , Wayne Yao
发明人： Sadeg M. Faris , Yuen-Ming Chang , Tsepin Tsai , Wayne Yao
IPC分类号： H01M1206
CPC分类号： H01M4/42 , B60L11/1883 , B60L11/1892 , B60L11/1898 , B60L2200/26 , B60L2210/40 , H01M2/1673 , H01M4/8605 , H01M6/5011 , H01M8/184 , H01M8/186 , H01M8/22 , H01M10/4214 , H01M10/44 , H01M12/06 , H01M12/08 , H01M2004/024 , H01M2300/0085 , H02J7/00 , Y02E60/128 , Y02T10/7241 , Y02T90/34
摘要： Improved electro-chemical power generation devices (e.g., metal-air fuel cell battery devices) having metal-fuel realized in the form of a metal-fuel card including a plurality of electrically-isolated metal-fuel elements (e.g., strips) disposed on the surface of substantially rigid and planar non-electrically-conductive substrate. The metal-fuel elements are in electrical contact with the anode contacting elements of the power generation device when the metal-fuel card is spatially registered to anode contacting elements of the electro-chemical power generation device. In another aspect of the present invention, an aperture formed in the substrate provides electrical contact between the metal-fuel element disposed on the first side of the substrate and the anode contacting element disposed on the second side of the substrate when the metal-fuel card is spatially registered to the anode contacting element.
摘要翻译：具有以金属燃料卡形式实现的金属燃料的改进的电化学发电装置（例如，金属 - 空气燃料电池装置）包括多个电隔离的金属 - 燃料元件（例如条）基本上刚性和平面的非导电基底的表面。当金属 - 燃料卡在空间上与电化学发电装置的阳极接触元件对准时，金属 - 燃料元件与发电装置的阳极接触元件电接触。在本发明的另一方面，形成在基板中的孔在金属 - 燃料卡上提供设置在基板的第一侧上的金属 - 燃料元件和设置在基板的第二侧上的阳极接触元件之间的电接触在空间上对准阳极接触元件。

7. 发明授权

US06190792B1 Cathode cylinder for use in metal-air fuel cell battery systems and method of fabricating the same 失效
标题翻译：用于金属 - 空气燃料电池系统的阴极气缸及其制造方法
公开(公告)号：US06190792B1
公开(公告)日：2001-02-20
申请号：US09232328
申请日：1998-08-10
申请人： Sadeg M. Faris , Tsepin Tsai , Thomas J. Legbandt , Wayne Yao , Muguo Chen
发明人： Sadeg M. Faris , Tsepin Tsai , Thomas J. Legbandt , Wayne Yao , Muguo Chen
IPC分类号： H01M1040
CPC分类号： H01M4/42 , H01M2/1673 , H01M4/8605 , H01M6/5011 , H01M8/184 , H01M8/186 , H01M8/22 , H01M10/4214 , H01M10/44 , H01M12/06 , H01M12/08 , H01M2004/024 , H01M2300/0085 , H02J7/00 , Y02E60/128 , Y10T29/49115
摘要： In an air-metal fuel cell battery (FCB) system, wherein metal-fuel tape, the ionically-conductive medium and the cathode structures are transported at substantially the same velocity at the locus of points at which the ionically-conductive medium contacts the moving cathode structure and the moving metal-fuel tape during discharging and recharging modes of operation. In a first generalized embodiment of the present invention, the ionically-conductive medium is realized as an ionically-conductive belt, and the metal-fuel tape, ionically-conductive belt, and movable cathode structure are transported at substantially the same velocity at the locus of points which the ionically-conducing belt contacts the metal-fuel tape and the cathode structure during system operation. In a second generalized embodiment of the present invention, the ionically-conductive medium is realized as a solid-state (e.g. gelatinous) film layer integrated with the metal-fuel tape. In a third generalized embodiment of the present invention, the ionically-conductive medium is realized as a solid-state film layer integrated with the movable cathode structure. By transporting the movable cathode structure, ionically contacting medium and metal-fuel tape within the system as described above, generation of frictional forces among such structures are minimized during system operation, and thus the damage to the cathode structure and metal-fuel tape is substantially reduced.
摘要翻译：在金属燃料电池（FCB）系统中，其中金属 - 燃料带，离子传导介质和阴极结构以基本相同的速度在离子导电介质接触移动的点的轨迹处输送阴极结构和移动金属 - 燃料带在放电和充电操作模式下。在本发明的第一广义实施例中，离子导电介质被实现为离子导电带，并且金属 - 燃料带，离子传导带和可移动阴极结构以基本相同的速度在轨迹在系统运行期间离子导管带接触金属 - 燃料带和阴极结构的点。在本发明的第二广义实施例中，离子导电介质被实现为与金属 - 燃料带一体化的固态（例如凝胶状）膜层。在本发明的第三个广义实施例中，离子传导介质被实现为与可移动阴极结构集成的固态膜层。通过如上所述在系统内输送可动阴极结构，离子接触介质和金属 - 燃料带，这些结构中的摩擦力的产生在系统操作期间被最小化，因此对阴极结构和金属 - 燃料带的损害基本上减少

8. 发明授权

US06403244B2 METAL-AIR FUEL CELL BATTERY SYSTEM EMPLOYING HYDROSTATIC FORCES TO ENABLE SIMULTANEOUS TRANSPORT OF METAL-FUEL TAPE, MOVABLE CATHODE STRUCTURE, AND IONICALLY-CONDUCTIVE MEDIUM THERETHROUGH DURING SYSTEM OPERATION 失效
标题翻译：金属空气燃料电池系统采用静电电源，使系统运行时能够同时运行金属燃料带，可移动的阴极结构和导电介质
公开(公告)号：US06403244B2
公开(公告)日：2002-06-11
申请号：US09133166
申请日：1998-08-12
申请人： Sadeg M. Faris , Tsepin Tsai , Thomas J. Legbandt , Wayne Yao , Muguo Chen
发明人： Sadeg M. Faris , Tsepin Tsai , Thomas J. Legbandt , Wayne Yao , Muguo Chen
IPC分类号： H01M1206
CPC分类号： H01M4/42 , H01M2/1673 , H01M4/8605 , H01M6/5011 , H01M8/184 , H01M8/186 , H01M8/22 , H01M10/4214 , H01M10/44 , H01M12/06 , H01M12/08 , H01M2004/024 , H01M2300/0085 , H02J7/00 , Y02E60/128
摘要： In an air-metal fuel cell battery (FCB) system, wherein a movable cathode structure is mounted within a housing through which metal-fuel tape is transported along a predetermined path while an ionically-conductive medium is disposed between the metal-fuel tape and the movable cathode structure. In illustrative embodiments, the movable cathode structure is realized as a rotatable cathode cylinder, and a transportable cathode belt. The ionically-conductive medium is realized as a solid-state ionically-conductive film applied to the cathode structures and/or metal-fuel tape, as well as ionically-conductive belt structures. During system operation, the metal-fuel tape and/or the ionically-conductive medium are wetted in order create sufficient surface tension, and thus sufficient hydrostatic forces, between the metal-fuel tape and ionically-conductive medium and between the ionically-conductive medium and the movable cathode structure, to enable the movable cathode structure, ionically-conductive medium and metal-fuel tape to move at substantially the same velocity at points of contact therebetween while only one or these three moving system components are being actively driven by a transport mechanism. By virtue of the present invention, it is possible to transport the moving components of the FCB system using a various types of low power devices including, for example, miniature electrical and spring-driven motors, while substantially reducing the likelihood of damage thereto during system operation.
摘要翻译：在一种空气 - 金属燃料电池（FCB）系统中，其中可移动阴极结构安装在外壳内，金属 - 燃料带沿着预定路径输送，而离子导电介质设置在金属 - 燃料带和可移动阴极结构。在示例性实施例中，可移动阴极结构被实现为可旋转阴极筒和可运输阴极带。离子导电介质被实现为施加到阴极结构和/或金属 - 燃料带以及离子传导带结构的固态离子导电膜。在系统操作期间，金属 - 燃料带和/或离子导电介质被润湿以便在金属 - 燃料带和离子传导介质之间以及在离子传导介质之间产生足够的表面张力，从而产生足够的静水力以及可移动阴极结构，以使得可移动阴极结构，离子导电介质和金属 - 燃料带在其接触点处以基本上相同的速度移动，同时只有一个或这三个移动系统部件被传输机制。根据本发明，可以使用包括例如微型电动和弹簧驱动的电动机的各种类型的低功率装置来输送FCB系统的运动部件，同时在系统中大大降低其损坏的可能性操作。

9. 发明授权

US06299997B1 Ionically-conductive belt structure for use in a metal-air fuel cell battery system and method of fabricating the same 失效
标题翻译：用于金属 - 空气燃料电池系统的离子导电带结构及其制造方法
公开(公告)号：US06299997B1
公开(公告)日：2001-10-09
申请号：US09110762
申请日：1998-07-03
申请人： Sadeg M. Faris , Tsepin Tsai , Thomas J. Legbandt , Wayne Yao , Muguo Chen
发明人： Sadeg M. Faris , Tsepin Tsai , Thomas J. Legbandt , Wayne Yao , Muguo Chen
IPC分类号： H01M238
CPC分类号： H01M4/42 , H01M2/1673 , H01M4/8605 , H01M6/5011 , H01M8/184 , H01M8/186 , H01M8/22 , H01M10/4214 , H01M10/44 , H01M12/06 , H01M12/08 , H01M2004/024 , H01M2300/0085 , H02J7/00 , Y02E60/128 , Y10T29/49115
摘要： In an air-metal fuel cell battery (FCB) system, wherein metal-fuel tape, the ionically-conductive medium and the cathode structures are transported at substantially the same velocity at the locus of points at which the ionically-conductive medium contacts the moving cathode structure and the moving metal-fuel tape during discharging and recharging modes of operation. In a first generalized embodiment of the present invention, the ionically-conductive medium is realized as an ionically-conductive belt, and the metal-fuel tape, ionically-conductive belt, and movable cathode structure are transported at substantially the same velocity at the locus of points which the ionically-conducing belt contacts the metal-fuel tape and the cathode structure during system operation. In a second generalized embodiment of the present invention, the ionically-conductive medium is realized as a solid-state film layer integrated with the metal-fuel tape. In a third generalized embodiment of the present invention, the ionically-conductive medium is realized as a solid-state film layer integrated with the movable cathode structure. By transporting the movable cathode structure, ionically contacting medium and metal-fuel tape within the system as described above, generation of frictional forces among such structures are minimized during system operation, and thus the damage to the cathode structure and metal-fuel tape is substantially reduced.
摘要翻译：在金属燃料电池（FCB）系统中，其中金属 - 燃料带，离子传导介质和阴极结构以基本相同的速度在离子导电介质接触移动的点的轨迹处输送阴极结构和移动金属 - 燃料带在放电和充电操作模式下。在本发明的第一广义实施例中，离子导电介质被实现为离子导电带，并且金属 - 燃料带，离子传导带和可移动阴极结构以基本相同的速度在轨迹在系统运行期间离子导管带接触金属 - 燃料带和阴极结构的点。在本发明的第二广义实施例中，离子导电介质被实现为与金属 - 燃料带一体化的固态膜层。在本发明的第三个广义实施例中，离子传导介质被实现为与可移动阴极结构集成的固态膜层。通过如上所述在系统内输送可动阴极结构，离子接触介质和金属 - 燃料带，这些结构中的摩擦力的产生在系统操作期间被最小化，因此对阴极结构和金属 - 燃料带的损害基本上减少

10. 发明授权

US06365292B1 Cathode belt structure for use in a metal-air fuel cell battery system and method of fabricating the same 失效
公开(公告)号：US06365292B1
公开(公告)日：2002-04-02
申请号：US09232326
申请日：1998-08-10
申请人： Sadeg M. Faris , Tsepin Tsai , Thomas J. Legbandt , Wayne Yao , Muguo Chen
发明人： Sadeg M. Faris , Tsepin Tsai , Thomas J. Legbandt , Wayne Yao , Muguo Chen
IPC分类号： H01M486
CPC分类号： H01M4/42 , H01M2/1673 , H01M4/8605 , H01M6/5011 , H01M8/184 , H01M8/186 , H01M8/22 , H01M10/4214 , H01M10/44 , H01M12/06 , H01M12/08 , H01M2004/024 , H01M2300/0085 , H02J7/00 , Y02E60/128 , Y10T29/49115
摘要： In an air-metal fuel cell battery (FCB) system, wherein metal-fuel tape, the ionically-conductive medium and the cathode structures are transported at substantially the same velocity at the locus of points at which the ionically-conductive medium contacts the moving cathode structure and the moving metal-fuel tape during discharging and recharging modes of operation. In a first generalized embodiment of the present invention, the ionically-conductive medium is realized as an ionically-conductive belt, and the metal-fuel tape, ionically-conductive belt, and movable cathode structure are transported at substantially the same velocity at the locus of points which the ionically-conducing belt contacts the metal-fuel tape and the cathode structure during system operation. In a second generalized embodiment of the present invention, the ionically-conductive medium is realized as a solid-state (e.g. gelatinous) film layer integrated with the metal-fuel tape, and the metal-fuel tape, ionically-conductive film layer and movable cathode structure are transported at substantially the same velocity at the locus of points which the ionically-conducing film layer contacts the metal-fuel tape and the cathode structure during system operation. In a third generalized embodiment of the present invention, the ionically-conductive medium is realized as a solid-state film layer integrated with the movable cathode structure, and the metal-fuel tape, ionically-conductive film layer and movable cathode structure are transported at substantially the same velocity at the locus of points which the ionically-conducing film layer contacts the metal-fuel tape and the cathode structure during system operation. By transporting the movable cathode structure, ionically contacting medium and metal-fuel tape within the system as described above, generation of frictional forces among such structures are minimized during system operation, and thus the damage to the cathode structure and metal-fuel tape is substantially reduced.

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