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1. 发明授权

US5486623A Cysteine protease inhibitors containing heterocyclic leaving groups 失效
公开(公告)号：US5486623A
公开(公告)日：1996-01-23
申请号：US164031
申请日：1993-12-08
申请人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Robert E. Smith
发明人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Robert E. Smith
IPC分类号： A61K31/34 , A61K31/35 , A61K31/365 , A61K31/40 , A61K31/44 , A61K31/4406 , A61K31/443 , A61K31/505 , A61K31/5375 , A61K38/00 , A61K47/48 , A61P1/02 , A61P9/00 , A61P9/08 , A61P9/10 , A61P25/02 , A61P25/28 , A61P27/02 , A61P27/12 , A61P27/14 , A61P29/00 , A61P31/12 , A61P33/02 , A61P35/00 , A61P37/08 , A61P43/00 , C07D207/16 , C07D213/64 , C07D213/65 , C07D213/80 , C07D239/34 , C07D295/215 , C07D307/58 , C07D307/60 , C07D307/62 , C07D309/32 , C07D309/38 , C07D405/12 , C07K14/81 , C07D315/00 , C07D307/02 , C07D207/00
CPC分类号： C07D213/64 , A61K31/34 , A61K31/35 , A61K31/40 , A61K31/44 , A61K31/443 , A61K31/505 , A61K31/5375 , A61K47/48238 , C07D207/16 , C07D213/80 , C07D239/34 , C07D295/215 , C07D307/58 , C07D307/60 , C07D307/62 , C07D309/38 , C07D405/12
摘要： A class of cysteine protease inhibitors which inactivate a cysteine protease by covalently bonding to the protease and releasing a heterocyclic leaving group is presented. The cysteine protease inhibitors of the present invention comprise a first portion which targets a desired cysteine protease and positions the inhibitor near the thiolate anion portion of the active site of the protease, and a second portion which covalently bonds to the cysteine protease and irreversibly deactivates that protease by providing a carbonyl or carbonyl-equivalent which is attacked by the thiolate anion of the active site of the cysteine protease to sequentially cleave a heterocyclic leaving group. The heterocyclic leaving group of the protease inhibitor is of the formula: --O-- Het, where Het is a heterocycle having 4-7 atoms in the ring, with at least one of the heterocycle atoms being N, O or S.

2. 发明授权

US5374623A Cysteine protease inhibitors effective for in vivo use 失效
标题翻译：半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂有效用于体内使用
公开(公告)号：US5374623A
公开(公告)日：1994-12-20
申请号：US932791
申请日：1992-08-20
申请人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Eugene R. Bissell , Robert E. Smith
发明人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Eugene R. Bissell , Robert E. Smith
IPC分类号： A61K38/55 , A61P1/02 , A61P29/00 , A61P33/02 , A61P43/00 , C07C237/22 , C07C271/18 , C07C271/22 , C07C279/14 , C07D295/215 , C07K5/065 , A61K37/02 , C07K5/06 , C07K5/08 , C07K5/10
CPC分类号： C07D295/215 , C07C271/18 , C07C271/22 , C07C279/14
摘要： A method of treating medical conditions with proteinase inhibitors of the formula: ##STR1## wherein B is H or an amino acid blocking group for the N-terminal amino acid nitrogen;R.sub.1 is an optionally protected .alpha.-amino acid side chain such that P.sub.2 is the residue of an .alpha.-amino acid selected from the group consisting of phenylalanine (Phe), leucine (Leu), tyrosine (Tyr) and valine (Val), and substituted analogs thereof, particularly including Tyr(OMe);R.sub.2 is an optionally protected .alpha.-amino acid side chain such that P.sub.1 is the residue of an .alpha.-amino acid selected from the group consisting of alanine (Ala), arginine (Arg), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (Glu), histidine (His), homophenylalanine (HPhe), phenylalanine (Phe), ornithine (Orn), serine (Ser) and threonine (Thr), and substituted analogs thereof;X is a fluorine-free leaving group selected from the group consisting of phenoxy, substituted phenoxy and heterophenoxy;E and G are one or more atoms more electronegative than carbon; andD is hydrogen, methyl or a substituted methyl.
摘要翻译：用下式的蛋白酶抑制剂治疗医学病症的方法：其中B是H或N-末端氨基酸氮的氨基酸封闭基团; R1是任选保护的α-氨基酸侧链，使得P2是选自苯丙氨酸（Phe），亮氨酸（Leu），酪氨酸（Tyr）和缬氨酸（Val）的α-氨基酸的残基，以及其取代的类似物，特别包括Tyr（OMe）; R2是任选保护的α-氨基酸侧链，使得P1是选自丙氨酸（Ala），精氨酸（Arg），天冬氨酸（Asp），谷氨酸（Glu）的α-氨基酸的残基。，组氨酸（His），高苯丙氨酸（HPhe），苯丙氨酸（Phe），鸟氨酸（Orn），丝氨酸（Ser）和苏氨酸（Thr）及其取代的类似物; X是选自苯氧基，取代的苯氧基和异苯氧基的无氟离去基团; E和G是一个或多个比碳更负电的原子; D为氢，甲基或取代甲基。

3. 发明授权

US06297277B1 Cysteine protease inhibitors containing heterocyclic leaving groups 失效
标题翻译：含有杂环离去基团的半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂
公开(公告)号：US06297277B1
公开(公告)日：2001-10-02
申请号：US09357253
申请日：1999-07-20
申请人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Robert E. Smith
发明人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Robert E. Smith
IPC分类号： A01N3712
CPC分类号： C07D213/64 , A61K31/34 , A61K31/35 , A61K31/40 , A61K31/44 , A61K31/443 , A61K31/505 , A61K31/5375 , A61K47/62 , C07D207/16 , C07D213/80 , C07D239/34 , C07D295/215 , C07D307/58 , C07D307/60 , C07D307/62 , C07D309/38 , C07D405/12 , Y02A50/411 , Y02A50/414 , Y02A50/423
摘要： A class of cysteine protease inhibitors which inactivate a cysteine protease by covalently bonding to the protease and releasing a heterocyclic leaving group is presented. The cysteine protease inhibitors of the present invention comprise a first portion which targets a desired cysteine protease and positions the inhibitor near the thiolate anion portion of the active site of the protease, and a second portion which covalently bonds to the cysteine protease and irreversibly deactivates that protease by providing a carbonyl or carbonyl-equivalent which is attacked by the thiolate anion of the active site of the cysteine protease to sequentially cleave a heterocyclic leaving group. The heterocyclic leaving group of the protease inhibitor is of the formula: —O—Het, where Het is a heterocycle having 4-7 atoms in the ring, with at least one of the heterocycle atoms being N, O or S.
摘要翻译：提出了一类半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂，其通过共价键合蛋白酶和释放杂环离去基团而使半胱氨酸蛋白酶失活。本发明的半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂包含第一部分，其靶向所需的半胱氨酸蛋白酶，并将抑制剂置于蛋白酶活性位点的硫醇盐阴离子部分附近，第二部分与半胱氨酸蛋白酶共价结合，并且不可逆地使通过提供被半胱氨酸蛋白酶的活性位点的硫醇盐阴离子攻击的羰基或羰基等价物来顺序地切割杂环离去基团。蛋白酶抑制剂的杂环离去基团具有下式：-O-Het，其中Het是在环中具有4-7个原子的杂环，其中至少一个杂环原子是N，O或S.

4. 发明授权

US5925772A Cysteine protease inhibitors containing heterocyclic leaving groups 失效
标题翻译：含有杂环离去基团的半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂
公开(公告)号：US5925772A
公开(公告)日：1999-07-20
申请号：US921683
申请日：1997-09-02
申请人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Robert E. Smith
发明人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Robert E. Smith
IPC分类号： A61K31/34 , A61K31/35 , A61K31/365 , A61K31/40 , A61K31/44 , A61K31/4406 , A61K31/443 , A61K31/505 , A61K31/5375 , A61K38/00 , A61K47/48 , A61P1/02 , A61P9/00 , A61P9/08 , A61P9/10 , A61P25/02 , A61P25/28 , A61P27/02 , A61P27/12 , A61P27/14 , A61P29/00 , A61P31/12 , A61P33/02 , A61P35/00 , A61P37/08 , A61P43/00 , C07D207/16 , C07D213/64 , C07D213/65 , C07D213/80 , C07D239/34 , C07D295/215 , C07D307/58 , C07D307/60 , C07D307/62 , C07D309/32 , C07D309/38 , C07D405/12 , C07K14/81 , C07D207/12 , C07D207/14 , A61K31/41
CPC分类号： C07D213/64 , A61K31/34 , A61K31/35 , A61K31/40 , A61K31/44 , A61K31/443 , A61K31/505 , A61K31/5375 , A61K47/48238 , C07D207/16 , C07D213/80 , C07D239/34 , C07D295/215 , C07D307/58 , C07D307/60 , C07D307/62 , C07D309/38 , C07D405/12
摘要： A class of cysteine protease inhibitors which inactivate a cysteine protease by covalently bonding to the protease and releasing a heterocyclic leaving group is presented. The cysteine protease inhibitors of the present invention comprise a first portion which targets a desired cysteine protease and positions the inhibitor near the thiolate anion portion of the active site of the protease, and a second portion which covalently bonds to the cysteine protease and irreversibly deactivates that protease by providing a carbonyl or carbonyl-equivalent which is attacked by the thiolate anion of the active site of the cysteine protease to sequentially cleave a heterocyclic leaving group. The heterocyclic leaving group of the protease inhibitor is of the formula: --O--Het, where Het is a heterocycle having 4-7 atoms in the ring, with at least one of the heterocycle atoms being N, O or S.
摘要翻译：提出了一类半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂，其通过共价键合蛋白酶和释放杂环离去基团而使半胱氨酸蛋白酶失活。本发明的半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂包含第一部分，其靶向所需的半胱氨酸蛋白酶，并将抑制剂置于蛋白酶活性位点的硫醇盐阴离子部分附近，第二部分与半胱氨酸蛋白酶共价结合，并且不可逆地使通过提供被半胱氨酸蛋白酶的活性位点的硫醇盐阴离子攻击的羰基或羰基等价物来顺序地切割杂环离去基团。蛋白酶抑制剂的杂环离去基团具有下式：-O-Het，其中Het是在环中具有4-7个原子的杂环，其中至少一个杂环原子是N，O或S.

5. 发明授权

US5714484A .alpha.-(1,3-dicarbonylenol ether) methyl ketones as cysteine protease inhibitors 失效
标题翻译： α-（1,3-二羰基酚醚）甲基酮作为半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂
公开(公告)号：US5714484A
公开(公告)日：1998-02-03
申请号：US481808
申请日：1995-06-07
申请人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Robert E. Smith , Mark Becker
发明人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Robert E. Smith , Mark Becker
IPC分类号： C07D239/88 , A61K31/34 , A61K31/341 , A61K31/35 , A61K31/365 , A61K31/37 , A61K31/38 , A61K31/381 , A61K31/382 , A61K31/40 , A61K31/44 , A61K31/4406 , A61K31/443 , A61K31/47 , A61K31/472 , A61K31/495 , A61K31/496 , A61K31/505 , A61K31/517 , A61K31/535 , A61K31/5355 , A61K31/5375 , A61K38/00 , A61K47/48 , A61P1/02 , A61P9/00 , A61P9/08 , A61P9/10 , A61P25/00 , A61P25/02 , A61P25/28 , A61P27/02 , A61P27/12 , A61P27/14 , A61P29/00 , A61P31/00 , A61P31/12 , A61P33/02 , A61P35/00 , A61P37/08 , A61P43/00 , C07D207/16 , C07D213/64 , C07D213/65 , C07D213/80 , C07D215/22 , C07D215/26 , C07D217/22 , C07D235/26 , C07D239/34 , C07D295/215 , C07D307/58 , C07D307/60 , C07D307/62 , C07D309/32 , C07D309/38 , C07D309/40 , C07D311/16 , C07D311/18 , C07D311/46 , C07D333/64 , C07D333/68 , C07D335/02 , C07D405/12 , C07D487/04 , C07K5/062 , C07K5/065 , C07K14/81 , C07D253/00 , A61K31/00 , C07D409/00
CPC分类号： C07D405/12 , A61K31/34 , A61K31/341 , A61K31/35 , A61K31/40 , A61K31/44 , A61K31/443 , A61K31/505 , A61K31/5375 , A61K47/48238 , C07D207/16 , C07D213/64 , C07D213/80 , C07D239/34 , C07D295/215 , C07D307/58 , C07D307/60 , C07D307/62 , C07D309/38
摘要： Cysteine protease inhibitors which deactivate the protease by covalently bonding to the cysteine protease and releasing the enolate of a 1,3-dicarbonyl (or its enolic form). The cysteine protease inhibitors of the present invention accordingly comprise a first portion which targets a desired cysteine protease and positions the inhibitor near the thiolate anion portion of the active site of the protease, and a second portion which covalently bonds to the cysteine protease and irreversibly deactivates that protease by providing a carbonyl or carbonyl-equivalent which is attacked by the thiolate anion of the active site of the cysteine protease to sequentially cleave a .beta.-dicarbonyl enol ether leaving group.
摘要翻译：半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂，其通过共价键合到半胱氨酸蛋白酶并释放1,3-二羰基（或其烯醇形式）的烯醇化物而使蛋白酶失活。因此，本发明的半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂包含第一部分，其靶向所需的半胱氨酸蛋白酶，并将抑制剂置于蛋白酶活性位点的硫醇酸阴离子部分附近，第二部分与半胱氨酸蛋白酶共价结合并不可逆地失活该蛋白酶通过提供被半胱氨酸蛋白酶的活性位点的硫醇盐阴离子攻击的羰基或羰基等价物来顺序地裂解β-二羰基烯醇醚离去基团。

6. 发明授权

US6147188A .alpha.- (1,3- or 1, 2- dicarbonylenol ether methyl ketones as cysteine protease inhibitors 失效
标题翻译： α-（1,3-或1,2-二羰基酚醚甲基酮作为半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂）
公开(公告)号：US6147188A
公开(公告)日：2000-11-14
申请号：US17276
申请日：1998-02-02
申请人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Robert E. Smith , Mark Becker
发明人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Robert E. Smith , Mark Becker
IPC分类号： C07D239/88 , A61K31/34 , A61K31/341 , A61K31/35 , A61K31/365 , A61K31/37 , A61K31/38 , A61K31/381 , A61K31/382 , A61K31/40 , A61K31/44 , A61K31/4406 , A61K31/443 , A61K31/47 , A61K31/472 , A61K31/495 , A61K31/496 , A61K31/505 , A61K31/517 , A61K31/535 , A61K31/5355 , A61K31/5375 , A61K38/00 , A61K47/48 , A61P1/02 , A61P9/00 , A61P9/08 , A61P9/10 , A61P25/00 , A61P25/02 , A61P25/28 , A61P27/02 , A61P27/12 , A61P27/14 , A61P29/00 , A61P31/00 , A61P31/12 , A61P33/02 , A61P35/00 , A61P37/08 , A61P43/00 , C07D207/16 , C07D213/64 , C07D213/65 , C07D213/80 , C07D215/22 , C07D215/26 , C07D217/22 , C07D235/26 , C07D239/34 , C07D295/215 , C07D307/58 , C07D307/60 , C07D307/62 , C07D309/32 , C07D309/38 , C07D309/40 , C07D311/16 , C07D311/18 , C07D311/46 , C07D333/64 , C07D333/68 , C07D335/02 , C07D405/12 , C07D487/04 , C07K5/062 , C07K5/065 , C07K14/81 , C07K5/00 , C07K7/00
CPC分类号： C07D405/12 , A61K31/34 , A61K31/341 , A61K31/35 , A61K31/40 , A61K31/44 , A61K31/443 , A61K31/505 , A61K31/5375 , A61K47/48238 , C07D207/16 , C07D213/64 , C07D213/80 , C07D239/34 , C07D295/215 , C07D307/58 , C07D307/60 , C07D307/62 , C07D309/38
摘要： Cysteine protease inhibitors which deactivate the protease by covalently bonding to the cysteine protease and releasing the enolate of a 1,3-dicarbonyl (or its enolic form). The cysteine protease inhibitors of the present invention accordingly comprise a first portion which targets a desired cysteine protease and positions the inhibitor near the thiolate anion portion of the active site of the protease, and a second portion which covalently bonds to the cysteine protease and irreversibly deactivates that protease by providing a carbonyl or carbonyl-equivalent which is attacked by the thiolate anion of the active site of the cysteine protease to sequentially cleave a .beta.-dicarbonyl enol ether leaving group.
摘要翻译：半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂，其通过共价键合到半胱氨酸蛋白酶并释放1,3-二羰基（或其烯醇形式）的烯醇化物而使蛋白酶失活。因此，本发明的半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂包含第一部分，其靶向所需的半胱氨酸蛋白酶，并将抑制剂置于蛋白酶活性位点的硫醇酸阴离子部分附近，第二部分与半胱氨酸蛋白酶共价结合并不可逆地失活该蛋白酶通过提供被半胱氨酸蛋白酶的活性位点的硫醇盐阴离子攻击的羰基或羰基等价物来顺序地裂解β-二羰基烯醇醚离去基团。

7. 发明授权

US5663380A Cysteine protease inhibitors containing heterocyclic leaving groups 失效
标题翻译：含有杂环离去基团的半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂
公开(公告)号：US5663380A
公开(公告)日：1997-09-02
申请号：US599459
申请日：1996-01-22
申请人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Robert E. Smith
发明人： Mary P. Zimmerman , Robert E. Smith
IPC分类号： A61K31/34 , A61K31/35 , A61K31/365 , A61K31/40 , A61K31/44 , A61K31/4406 , A61K31/443 , A61K31/505 , A61K31/5375 , A61K38/00 , A61K47/48 , A61P1/02 , A61P9/00 , A61P9/08 , A61P9/10 , A61P25/02 , A61P25/28 , A61P27/02 , A61P27/12 , A61P27/14 , A61P29/00 , A61P31/12 , A61P33/02 , A61P35/00 , A61P37/08 , A61P43/00 , C07D207/16 , C07D213/64 , C07D213/65 , C07D213/80 , C07D239/34 , C07D295/215 , C07D307/58 , C07D307/60 , C07D307/62 , C07D309/32 , C07D309/38 , C07D405/12 , C07K14/81 , C07D315/00 , C07D307/02
CPC分类号： C07D213/64 , A61K31/34 , A61K31/35 , A61K31/40 , A61K31/44 , A61K31/443 , A61K31/505 , A61K31/5375 , A61K47/48238 , C07D207/16 , C07D213/80 , C07D239/34 , C07D295/215 , C07D307/58 , C07D307/60 , C07D307/62 , C07D309/38 , C07D405/12
摘要： A class of cysteine protease inhibitors which inactivate a cysteine protease by covalently bonding to the protease and releasing a heterocyclic leaving group is presented. The cysteine protease inhibitors of the present invention comprise a first portion which targets a desired cysteine protease and positions the inhibitor near the thiolate anion portion of the active site of the protease, and a second portion which covalently bonds to the cysteine protease and irreversibly deactivates that protease by providing a carbonyl or carbonyl-equivalent which is attacked by the thiolate anion of the active site of the cysteine protease to sequentially cleave a heterocyclic leaving group. The heterocyclic leaving group of the protease inhibitor is of the formula: --O--Het, where Het is a heterocycle having 4-7 atoms in the ring, with at least one of the heterocycle atoms being N, O or S.
摘要翻译：提出了一类半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂，其通过共价键合蛋白酶和释放杂环离去基团而使半胱氨酸蛋白酶失活。本发明的半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂包含第一部分，其靶向所需的半胱氨酸蛋白酶，并将抑制剂置于蛋白酶活性位点的硫醇盐阴离子部分附近，第二部分与半胱氨酸蛋白酶共价结合，并且不可逆地使通过提供被半胱氨酸蛋白酶的活性位点的硫醇盐阴离子攻击的羰基或羰基等价物来顺序地切割杂环离去基团。蛋白酶抑制剂的杂环离去基团具有下式：-O-Het，其中Het是在环中具有4-7个原子的杂环，其中至少一个杂环原子是N，O或S.

8. 发明授权

US09017272B2 Medical device with speaker having exterior diaphragm 有权
标题翻译：具有外部隔膜的扬声器的医疗设备
公开(公告)号：US09017272B2
公开(公告)日：2015-04-28
申请号：US13015507
申请日：2011-01-27
申请人： Richard C. Nova , Robert E. Smith , Gregory V. Browne , Ryan D. Lee
发明人： Richard C. Nova , Robert E. Smith , Gregory V. Browne , Ryan D. Lee
IPC分类号： A61N1/39 , A61H31/00
CPC分类号： A61N1/3968 , A61N1/3993
摘要： Embodiments of the present concept are directed to medical devices having features that prevent contaminants from infiltrating the housing of the device while providing a mechanism to provide clear auditory sounds to aid a rescuer in providing care to a patient. In one example, a medical device includes a housing having a transmission area associated with an enclosed voice coil. An exterior diaphragm formed integrally with the housing surrounds the transmission area and provides a watertight seal of the transmission area. In addition, the diaphragm is structured to generate a sound that can be heard by the rescuer from the voice coil.
摘要翻译：本概念的实施例涉及具有防止污染物渗透装置的外壳的特征的医疗装置，同时提供一种提供清晰听觉的机制，以帮助救援者向患者提供护理。在一个示例中，医疗设备包括具有与封闭音圈相关联的传输区域的壳体。与壳体整体形成的外部隔膜围绕传输区域并提供传输区域的防水密封。此外，隔膜被构造成产生可由救援者从音圈听到的声音。

9. 发明申请

US20120071939A1 MEDICAL DEVICE WITH SPEAKER HAVING EXTERIOR DIAPHRAGM 有权
标题翻译：具有外部膜片的扬声器的医疗装置
公开(公告)号：US20120071939A1
公开(公告)日：2012-03-22
申请号：US13015507
申请日：2011-01-27
申请人： Richard C. Nova , Robert E. Smith , Gregory V. Browne , Ryan D. Lee
发明人： Richard C. Nova , Robert E. Smith , Gregory V. Browne , Ryan D. Lee
IPC分类号： A61N1/39 , H04R1/02
CPC分类号： A61N1/3968 , A61N1/3993
摘要： Embodiments of the present concept are directed to medical devices having features that prevent contaminants from infiltrating the housing of the device while providing a mechanism to provide clear auditory sounds to aid a rescuer in providing care to a patient. In one example, a medical device includes a housing having a transmission area associated with an enclosed voice coil. An exterior diaphragm formed integrally with the housing surrounds the transmission area and provides a watertight seal of the transmission area. In addition, the diaphragm is structured to generate a sound that can be heard by the rescuer from the voice coil.
摘要翻译：本概念的实施例涉及具有防止污染物渗透装置的外壳的特征的医疗装置，同时提供一种提供清晰听觉的机制，以帮助救援者向患者提供护理。在一个示例中，医疗设备包括具有与封闭音圈相关联的传输区域的壳体。与壳体整体形成的外部隔膜围绕传输区域并提供传输区域的防水密封。此外，隔膜被构造成产生可由救援者从音圈听到的声音。

10. 发明申请

US20110194582A1 Optimized Graphite Electrode Pin Configuration 审中-公开
标题翻译：优化石墨电极引脚配置
公开(公告)号：US20110194582A1
公开(公告)日：2011-08-11
申请号：US12818755
申请日：2010-06-18
申请人： Robert E. Smith , Lionel D. Burton Batty , Philip D. Coleman
发明人： Robert E. Smith , Lionel D. Burton Batty , Philip D. Coleman
IPC分类号： H05B7/14
CPC分类号： H05B7/085 , H05B7/14 , Y02P10/256 , Y02P10/259
摘要： A pin for use in connecting graphite electrodes into a joint, where the pin has at least one male tang having a tang factor, defined as the ratio of male tang length to diameter of the electrode into which hit is to be threaded, of at least about 1.0.
摘要翻译：用于将石墨电极连接到接头中的销，其中所述销具有至少一个具有相角的凸形柄柄，其定义为至少要被击打的电极的公头长度与直径的比率约1.0。

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