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1. 发明申请

WO2004049042A3 DIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDE AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME 审中-公开
标题翻译：电介质波导及其制造方法
公开(公告)号：WO2004049042A3
公开(公告)日：2005-01-06
申请号：PCT/US0337723
申请日：2003-11-24
申请人： OMNIGUIDE COMM INC , FUFLYIGIN VLADIMIR , ANDERSON EMILIA , KING WESLEY , FINK YOEL , JACOBS STEVEN A , SKOROBOGATIY MAKSIM
发明人： FUFLYIGIN VLADIMIR , ANDERSON EMILIA , KING WESLEY , FINK YOEL , JACOBS STEVEN A , SKOROBOGATIY MAKSIM
IPC分类号： C03B37/018 , C03C13/04 , G02B6/02 , G02B6/00
CPC分类号： G02B6/02304 , C03B37/0183 , C03B37/01892 , C03B2201/86 , C03B2203/16 , C03B2203/42 , C03C13/043 , G02B6/023 , G02B6/03638 , G02B6/03688 , Y02P40/57
摘要： In general, in one aspect, the invention features a method that includes exposing a surface to a first gas composition under conditions sufficient to deposit a layer of a first chalcogenide glass (240) on the surface, and exposing the layer of the first chalcogenide glass (240) to a second glass composition under conditions sufficient to deposit a layer of a second glass (230) on the layer of the first chalcogenide glass, wherein the second glass is different from the first chalcogenide glass.
摘要翻译：通常，在一个方面，本发明的特征在于一种方法，其包括在足以在表面上沉积第一硫族化物玻璃（240）的层的条件下将表面暴露于第一气体组合物，以及暴露第一硫族化物玻璃（240）在足以在第一硫族化物玻璃的层上沉积第二玻璃（230）层的条件下加入到第二玻璃组合物中，其中第二玻璃不同于第一硫族化物玻璃。

2. 发明申请

WO2004092819A1 FREQUENCY CONVERSION BASED ON FOUR-WAVE MIXING 审中-公开
标题翻译：基于四波混频的频率转换
公开(公告)号：WO2004092819A1
公开(公告)日：2004-10-28
申请号：PCT/US2004/010880
申请日：2004-04-08
申请人： MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY , REED, Evan , SOLJACIC, Marin , JOANNOPOULOS, John, D. , JOHNSON, Steven, G. , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim
发明人： REED, Evan , SOLJACIC, Marin , JOANNOPOULOS, John, D. , JOHNSON, Steven, G. , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim
IPC分类号： G02F1/35
CPC分类号： B82Y20/00 , G02B6/1225 , G02F1/11 , G02F1/3536 , G02F2202/32 , G02F2203/15
摘要： A device for converting frequency of electromagnetic radiation includes a nonlinear medium (2) that forms a moving grating (4) in the nonlinear medium by introducing at opposite ends of the nonlinear medium a first set of electromagnetic radiation having varying frequencies (W1, W2). Electromagnetic radiation (W2) is inputted into the nonlinear medium at a first frequency and extracted at a second frequency (W4) from the nonlinear medium. The moving grating in the nonlinear medium allows for electromagnetic radiation to be converted into the second frequency.
摘要翻译：用于转换电磁辐射频率的装置包括非线性介质（2），其通过在非线性介质的相对端处引入具有变化频率（W1，W2）的第一组电磁辐射而在非线性介质中形成移动光栅（4）。将电磁辐射（W2）以第一频率输入到非线性介质中，并从非线性介质以第二频率（W4）提取。非线性介质中的移动光栅允许将电磁辐射转换成第二频率。

3. 发明申请

WO2004049042A2 DIELECTRIC WAVEGUIDE AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME 审中-公开
标题翻译：电介质波导及其制造方法
公开(公告)号：WO2004049042A2
公开(公告)日：2004-06-10
申请号：PCT/US2003/037723
申请日：2003-11-24
申请人： OMNIGUIDE COMMUNICATIONS INC. , FUFLYIGIN, Vladimir , ANDERSON, Emilia , KING, Wesley , FINK, Yoel , JACOBS, Steven, A. , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim
发明人： FUFLYIGIN, Vladimir , ANDERSON, Emilia , KING, Wesley , FINK, Yoel , JACOBS, Steven, A. , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim
IPC分类号： G02F
CPC分类号： G02B6/02304 , C03B37/0183 , C03B37/01892 , C03B2201/86 , C03B2203/16 , C03B2203/42 , C03C13/043 , G02B6/023 , G02B6/03638 , G02B6/03688 , Y02P40/57
摘要： In general, in one aspect, the invention features a method that includes exposing a surface to a first gas composition under conditions sufficient to deposit a layer of a first chalcogenide glass on the surface, and exposing the layer of the first chalcogenide glass to a second glass composition under conditions sufficient to deposit a layer of a second glass on the layer of the first chalcogenide glass, wherein the second glass is different from the first chalcogenide glass.
摘要翻译：通常，一方面，本发明的特征在于一种方法，其包括在足以在表面上沉积第一硫族化物玻璃层的条件下将表面暴露于第一气体组合物，并将第一硫族化物玻璃的层暴露于第二硫族化物玻璃的第二层玻璃组合物在足以在第一硫族化物玻璃的层上沉积第二玻璃层的条件下，其中第二玻璃不同于第一硫族化物玻璃。

4. 发明申请

WO2002083583A1 HIGH INDEX-CONTRAST FIBER WAVEGUIDES AND APPLICATIONS 审中-公开
标题翻译：高指数对比光纤波形和应用
公开(公告)号：WO2002083583A1
公开(公告)日：2002-10-24
申请号：PCT/US2002/011655
申请日：2002-04-12
申请人： OMNIGUIDE COMMUNICATIONS , SOLJACIC, Marin , IBANESCU, Mihai , ENGENESS, Torkel , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim , JOHNSON, Steven, G. , WEISBERG, Ori , FINK, Yoel , AHMAD, Rokan , PRESSMAN, Lori , KING, Wesley, A. , ANDERSON, Emilia , JOANNOPOULOS, John
发明人： SOLJACIC, Marin , IBANESCU, Mihai , ENGENESS, Torkel , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim , JOHNSON, Steven, G. , WEISBERG, Ori , FINK, Yoel , AHMAD, Rokan , PRESSMAN, Lori , KING, Wesley, A. , ANDERSON, Emilia , JOANNOPOULOS, John
IPC分类号： C03B37/023
CPC分类号： G02B6/021 , B29D11/00721 , C03B37/027 , C03B37/02718 , C03B37/029 , C03B37/0756 , C03B2201/10 , C03B2201/28 , C03B2201/30 , C03B2201/32 , C03B2201/34 , C03B2201/50 , C03B2201/54 , C03B2201/60 , C03B2201/82 , C03B2201/86 , C03B2203/14 , C03B2203/16 , C03B2203/18 , C03B2203/223 , C03B2203/225 , C03B2203/42 , C03B2205/08 , C03B2205/09 , C03B2205/10 , C03B2205/40 , C03B2205/72 , C03C3/064 , C03C3/07 , C03C3/072 , C03C3/102 , C03C3/122 , C03C3/142 , C03C3/16 , C03C3/321 , C03C3/326 , C03C13/008 , C03C13/041 , C03C13/042 , C03C13/043 , C03C13/044 , C03C13/046 , C03C13/048 , C03C25/105 , C03C25/1061 , G02B6/02 , G02B6/02052 , G02B6/02066 , G02B6/02123 , G02B6/02261 , G02B6/023 , G02B6/02304 , G02B6/03694 , G02B6/126 , G02B6/29319 , G02B6/29356 , G02B6/30 , G02B6/305 , G02B6/42 , G02B6/4206 , G02B2006/12116 , G02B2006/12195 , G02F1/0115 , G02F1/365 , H01S3/06729
摘要： High index-contrast fiber waveguides, materials for forming high index-contrast fiber waveguides, and applications of high index-contrast fiber waveguides are disclosed.
摘要翻译：公开了高折射率对比度光纤波导，用于形成高折射率 - 对比度光纤波导的材料，以及高折射率 - 对比度光纤波导的应用。

5. 发明申请

WO2002084351A1 HIGH INDEX-CONTRAST FIBER WAVEGUIDES AND APPLICATIONS 审中-公开
标题翻译：高指数对比光纤波形和应用
公开(公告)号：WO2002084351A1
公开(公告)日：2002-10-24
申请号：PCT/US2002/011320
申请日：2002-04-12
申请人： OMNIGUIDE COMMUNICATIONS , KING, Wesley , ANDERSON, Emilia , SOLJACIC, Marin , IBANESCU, Mihai , ENGENESS, Torkel , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim , JOHNSON, Steven, G. , WEISBERG, Ori , FINK, Yoel , AHMAD, Rokan , PRESSMAN, Lori
发明人： KING, Wesley , ANDERSON, Emilia , SOLJACIC, Marin , IBANESCU, Mihai , ENGENESS, Torkel , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim , JOHNSON, Steven, G. , WEISBERG, Ori , FINK, Yoel , AHMAD, Rokan , PRESSMAN, Lori
IPC分类号： G02B6/16
CPC分类号： G02B6/021 , B29D11/00721 , C03B37/027 , C03B37/02718 , C03B37/029 , C03B37/0756 , C03B2201/10 , C03B2201/28 , C03B2201/30 , C03B2201/32 , C03B2201/34 , C03B2201/50 , C03B2201/54 , C03B2201/60 , C03B2201/82 , C03B2201/86 , C03B2203/14 , C03B2203/16 , C03B2203/18 , C03B2203/223 , C03B2203/225 , C03B2203/42 , C03B2205/08 , C03B2205/09 , C03B2205/10 , C03B2205/40 , C03B2205/72 , C03C3/064 , C03C3/07 , C03C3/072 , C03C3/102 , C03C3/122 , C03C3/142 , C03C3/16 , C03C3/321 , C03C3/326 , C03C13/008 , C03C13/041 , C03C13/042 , C03C13/043 , C03C13/044 , C03C13/046 , C03C13/048 , C03C25/105 , C03C25/1061 , G02B6/02 , G02B6/02052 , G02B6/02066 , G02B6/02123 , G02B6/02261 , G02B6/023 , G02B6/02304 , G02B6/03694 , G02B6/126 , G02B6/29319 , G02B6/29356 , G02B6/30 , G02B6/305 , G02B6/42 , G02B6/4206 , G02B2006/12116 , G02B2006/12195 , G02F1/0115 , G02F1/365 , H01S3/06729
摘要： High index-contrast fiber waveguides, materials for forming high index-contrast fiber waveguides are disclosed. In one of the aspect of the invention, a high index-contrast fiber (701) includes a core (710) with refractive index n1 extending along a waveguide axis and a cladding layer (720) surrounding core (710) having an index of refraction n2. The core (710) incldues a hhigh index material, e.g., a chalcogenide glass and the cladding layer (720) includes a low index material, e.g., an oxide glass and/or halide hglass. The absolute difference between n1 and n2 is at least 0.35.
摘要翻译：公开了高折射率对比度光纤波导，用于形成高折射率 - 对比度光纤波导的材料。在本发明的一个方面，高折射率对比度光纤（701）包括沿着波导轴延伸的折射率n1的芯（710）和围绕具有折射率的芯（710）的包覆层（720） N2。芯部（710）包括高折射率材料，例如硫族化物玻璃，并且包覆层（720）包括低折射率材料，例如氧化物玻璃和/或卤化物玻璃。 n1和n2之间的绝对差值至少为0.35。

6. 发明申请

WO2002084345A1 HIGH INDEX-CONTRAST FIBER WAVEGUIDES AND APPLICATIONS 审中-公开
标题翻译：高指数对比光纤波形和应用
公开(公告)号：WO2002084345A1
公开(公告)日：2002-10-24
申请号：PCT/US2002/011468
申请日：2002-04-12
申请人： OMNIGUIDE COMMUNICATIONS , AHMAD, Rokan , SOLJACIC, Marin , IBANESCU, Mihai , ENGENESS, Torkel , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim , JOHNSON, Steven, G. , WEISBERG, Ori , FINK, Yoel , KING, Wesley, A. , ANDERSON, Emilia , JOANNOPOULOS, John
发明人： AHMAD, Rokan , SOLJACIC, Marin , IBANESCU, Mihai , ENGENESS, Torkel , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim , JOHNSON, Steven, G. , WEISBERG, Ori , FINK, Yoel , KING, Wesley, A. , ANDERSON, Emilia , JOANNOPOULOS, John
IPC分类号： G02B6/02
CPC分类号： G02B6/021 , B29D11/00721 , C03B37/027 , C03B37/02718 , C03B37/029 , C03B37/0756 , C03B2201/10 , C03B2201/28 , C03B2201/30 , C03B2201/32 , C03B2201/34 , C03B2201/50 , C03B2201/54 , C03B2201/60 , C03B2201/82 , C03B2201/86 , C03B2203/14 , C03B2203/16 , C03B2203/18 , C03B2203/223 , C03B2203/225 , C03B2203/42 , C03B2205/08 , C03B2205/09 , C03B2205/10 , C03B2205/40 , C03B2205/72 , C03C3/064 , C03C3/07 , C03C3/072 , C03C3/102 , C03C3/122 , C03C3/142 , C03C3/16 , C03C3/321 , C03C3/326 , C03C13/008 , C03C13/041 , C03C13/042 , C03C13/043 , C03C13/044 , C03C13/046 , C03C13/048 , C03C25/105 , C03C25/1061 , G02B6/02 , G02B6/02052 , G02B6/02066 , G02B6/02123 , G02B6/02261 , G02B6/023 , G02B6/02304 , G02B6/03694 , G02B6/126 , G02B6/29319 , G02B6/29356 , G02B6/30 , G02B6/305 , G02B6/42 , G02B6/4206 , G02B2006/12116 , G02B2006/12195 , G02F1/0115 , G02F1/365 , H01S3/06729
摘要： High index-contrast fiber waveguides (701) having a core (710) and a cladding (720), material for forming high index-contrast fiber waveguides (701), and applications of high index-contrast fiber waveguides (701) are disclosed.
摘要翻译：公开了具有芯（710）和包层（720）的高折射率对比度光纤波导（701），用于形成高折射率 - 对比度光纤波导的材料（701）和高折射率 - 对比度光纤波导（701）的应用。

7. 发明申请

WO2002059663A1 PHOTONIC CRYSTAL OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES HAVING TAILORED DISPERSION PROFILES 审中-公开
标题翻译：具有定制分散型材的光子晶体光波导
公开(公告)号：WO2002059663A1
公开(公告)日：2002-08-01
申请号：PCT/US2002/002306
申请日：2002-01-25
申请人： OMNIGUIDE COMMUNICATIONS , IBANESCU, Mihai , WEISBERG, Ori , JOHNSON, Steven, G. , FINK, Yoel , JOANNOPOLOUS, John, D. , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim , ENGENESS, Torkel , SOLIJACIC, Marin , JACOBS, Steven, A.
发明人： IBANESCU, Mihai , WEISBERG, Ori , JOHNSON, Steven, G. , FINK, Yoel , JOANNOPOLOUS, John, D. , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim , ENGENESS, Torkel , SOLIJACIC, Marin , JACOBS, Steven, A.
IPC分类号： G02B6/16
CPC分类号： G02B6/02304 , B82Y20/00 , G02B6/02242 , G02B6/02257 , G02B6/02261 , G02B6/02266 , G02B6/02271
摘要： An optical waveguide having a workign mode with a tailored dispersion profile, the waveguide indlucing: (i) a dielectric confinement region surrounding a waveguide axis, the confinement region comprising a photonic crystal having at least one photomic bandgap, wherein during operation the confinement region guides EM radiation in a first range of frequencies to propagate along the waveguide axis; (ii) a dielectric core region extending along the waveguide awis and surrounded by the confinement region about the waveguide axis, wherein the core supports at least one guided mode in the first frequency range; and (iii) a dielectric dispersion tailoring region surrounded bz the confinement region about the waveguide axis, wherein the dispersion tailoring region introduces one or more additional modes in the first range of frequencies that interact with the guided mode to produce the working mode.
摘要翻译：一种光波导，其具有具有定制色散曲线的工作模式，所述波导包括：（i）围绕波导轴的介电限制区域，所述约束区域包括具有至少一个光学带隙的光子晶体，其中在操作期间，所述约束区域引导在第一频率范围内的EM辐射沿着波导轴线传播; （ii）介质芯区域，沿着所述波导阵列延伸并围绕所述波导轴线围绕所述限制区域，其中所述芯体在所述第一频率范围内支撑至少一个引导模式; 和（iii）围绕波导轴线的限制区域围绕的介电色散调整区域，其中色散调整区域在与被引导模式相互作用的第一频率范围内引入一个或多个附加模式以产生工作模式。

8. 发明申请

WO2010017648A1 PHOTONIC FIBER AND COLOR-CHANGING AND COLOR-TUNABLE PHOTONIC TEXTILE PRODUCT USING THIS PHOTONIC FIBER 审中-公开
标题翻译：光子纤维和颜色变化和彩色光电纺织品使用这种光电纤维
公开(公告)号：WO2010017648A1
公开(公告)日：2010-02-18
申请号：PCT/CA2009/001154
申请日：2009-08-14
申请人： SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim
发明人： SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim
IPC分类号： G02B6/10 , D03D15/00 , D04H13/00 , G02B6/122 , G02F1/025 , G09F3/02
CPC分类号： G09F21/02 , B82Y20/00 , D03D15/00 , D03D15/0033 , D10B2201/02 , D10B2401/20 , G02B6/02295 , G02B6/023 , G02B6/3608 , G02B6/3616 , G02F1/0134 , G02F2202/32
摘要： A photonic bandgap fiber comprises a light-propagating core and a periodic reflector surrounding the core and defining at least one bandgap, wherein, in response to white light, only light at frequency located within the bandgap is guided. A photonic textile product comprises a textile material including photonic fibers structured to reflect light of a first given color in response to ambient illumination and to irradiate light which is guided within the photonic fibers, wherein the irradiated light has a second given color different from the first given color. A method of producing the photonic textile product and adjusting a color of the photonic textile product, comprises incorporating in the textile material the photonic fibers, controlling relative intensities of the reflected light of the first given color and the irradiated light of the second given color, and mixing the reflected light of the first given color and the irradiated light of the second given color to determine the overall color of the photonic fibers and textile material.
摘要翻译：光子带隙光纤包括光传播芯和围绕芯并且限定至少一个带隙的周期性反射器，其中响应于白光，仅引导位于带隙内的频率处的光。光子纺织产品包括纺织材料，其包括被构造为响应于环境照明反射第一给定颜色的光并且照射在光子纤维内被引导的光的光子纤维，其中所照射的光具有与第一给定颜色不同的第二给定颜色给定颜色一种生产光子纺织产品并调整光子纺织产品的颜色的方法，包括在纺织材料中掺入光子纤维，控制第一给定颜色的反射光和第二给定颜色的照射光的相对强度，以及混合第一给定颜色的反射光和第二给定颜色的照射光，以确定光子纤维和纺织材料的总体颜色。

9. 发明申请

WO2005101073A1 PHOTONIC CRYSTAL WAVEGUIDES AND SYSTEMS USING SUCH WAVEGUIDES 审中-公开
标题翻译：使用这种波长的光子晶体波形和系统
公开(公告)号：WO2005101073A1
公开(公告)日：2005-10-27
申请号：PCT/US2005/011843
申请日：2005-04-08
申请人： OMNIGUIDE COMMUNICATIONS INC. , FINK, Yoel , FUFLYIGIN, Vladimir , AHMAD, Rokan , ANDERSON, Emilia, G. , FARNSWORTH, Barry , KAHN, Yelena , MICETICH, Aaron , PRIDEAUX, Peter , KOLODNY, Uri , WEISBERG, Ori , JACOBS, Steven, A. , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim , JOHNSON, Steven, G.
发明人： FINK, Yoel , FUFLYIGIN, Vladimir , AHMAD, Rokan , ANDERSON, Emilia, G. , FARNSWORTH, Barry , KAHN, Yelena , MICETICH, Aaron , PRIDEAUX, Peter , KOLODNY, Uri , WEISBERG, Ori , JACOBS, Steven, A. , SKOROBOGATIY, Maksim , JOHNSON, Steven, G.
IPC分类号： G02B6/02
CPC分类号： G02B6/02304 , G02B6/02361
摘要： In general, in one aspect, the invention features an apparatus that includes a photonic crystal fiber (200, 900) configured to guide a mode of electromagnetic radiation at a wavelength, λ, along a waveguide axis. The fiber includes a core (210) extending along the waveguide axis, and a confinement region (220, 910) extending along the waveguide axis and surrounding the core (210). The confinement region (220, 910) includes alternating layers (211-219, 920-922) of a first and a second dielectric material having thicknesses d 1 and d 2 and different refractive indices n 1 and n 2 , respectively. The thickness of at least one of the alternating layers of the first material differs from thickness d 1 QW or at least one of the alternating layers of the second material differs from thickness d 2 QW , where d 1 QW and d 2 QW correspond to a quarter-wave condition for the two dielectric materials given by Formula (I) and Formula (II), respectively. The photonic crystal fiber has an attenuation for the guided mode at the wavelength λ that is reduced by a factor of about two or more relative to an attenuation for a reference fiber that is identical to the photonic crystal fiber except that the reference fiber has alternating layer thicknesses corresponding to the quarter-wave condition.
摘要翻译：通常，在一个方面，本发明的特征在于一种装置，其包括被配置成沿着波导轴引导波长λ的电磁辐射模式的光子晶体光纤（200,900）。光纤包括沿着波导轴线延伸的芯部（210）和沿波导轴线延伸并围绕芯部（210）的约束区域（220,910）。限制区域（220,910）包括分别具有厚度d1和d2以及不同折射率n1和n2的第一和第二电介质材料的交替层（211-219,920-922）。第一材料的至少一个交替层的厚度不同于厚度d1 ，或者第二材料的至少一个交替层与厚度d2 不同，其中d1 和d2 对应于分别由式（I）和式（II）给出的两种电介质材料的四分之一波长条件。光子晶体光纤对于在波长λ处的导模的衰减相对于与光子晶体光纤相同的参考光纤的衰减相比减小约两倍或更多的因子，除了参考光纤具有交替层厚度对应于四分之一波长条件。

10. 发明申请

WO02059656A3 LOW-LOSS PHOTONIC CRYSTAL WAVEGUIDE HAVING LARGE CORE RADIUS 审中-公开
标题翻译：具有大半径的低损耗光子晶体波导
公开(公告)号：WO02059656A3
公开(公告)日：2002-09-19
申请号：PCT/US0202482
申请日：2002-01-25
申请人： OMNIGUIDE COMM , JOHNSON STEVEN G , IBANESCU MIHAI , WEISBERG ORI , FINK YOEL , JOANNOPOLOUS JOHN D , SKOROBOGATIY MAKSIM , ENGENESS TORKEL , SOLIJACIC MARIN , JACOBS STEVEN A
发明人： JOHNSON STEVEN G , IBANESCU MIHAI , WEISBERG ORI , FINK YOEL , JOANNOPOLOUS JOHN D , SKOROBOGATIY MAKSIM , ENGENESS TORKEL , SOLIJACIC MARIN , JACOBS STEVEN A
IPC分类号： G02B6/02 , G02B6/00 , G02B6/036 , G02B6/34
CPC分类号： G02B6/02304 , B82Y20/00 , G02B6/02242 , G02B6/02261 , G02B6/02266 , G02B6/023 , G02B6/29377
摘要： An optical waveguide (100) including: a dielectric core region (110) extending along a waveguide axis; and a dielectric confinement region (120) surrounding the core (110) about the waveguide axis, the confinement region (120) comprising a photonic crystal structure (122, 124) having a photonic band gap, wherein during operation the confinement region (120) guides EM radiation in at least a first range of frequencies to propagate along the waveguide axis, wherein the core (110) has an average refractive index smaller than about 1.3 for a frequency in the first range of frequencies, and wherein the core (110) has a diameter in a range between about 4 lambda and 80 lambda , wherein lambda is a wavelength corresponding to a central frequency in the first frequency range.
摘要翻译：一种光波导（100），包括：沿波导轴延伸的电介质芯区（110）以及围绕所述波导轴围绕所述核心（110）的介电限制区域（120），所述限制区域（120）包括具有光子带隙的光子晶体结构（122,124），其中在操作期间所述限制区域（120）在至少第一频率范围内引导EM辐射以沿着所述波导轴传播，其中对于所述第一频率范围内的频率，所述芯（110）具有小于约1.3的平均折射率，并且其中所述芯（110）具有在约4λ和80λ之间的范围内的直径，其中λ是对应于第一频率范围中的中心频率的波长。

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