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1. 发明申请

WO1993021447A1 CONTROL VALVE WITH PRESSURE COMPENSATOR VALVES 审中-公开
标题翻译：带压力补偿阀的控制阀
公开(公告)号：WO1993021447A1
公开(公告)日：1993-10-28
申请号：PCT/JP1993000459
申请日：1993-04-09
申请人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO , YAMASHITA, Koji; , AKIYAMA, Teruo; , SAITO, Kouji; , SHINOZAKI, Shinichi;
发明人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO
IPC分类号： F15B11/00
CPC分类号： E02F9/2267 , E02F9/2225 , E02F9/2271 , E02F9/2296 , F15B13/0417
摘要： A control valve incorporating pressure compensator valves and capable of contributing to making a hydraulic circuit smaller characterized in that a spool hole is formed in a vertically intermediate section of the valve main body in such a manner as to horizontally penetrate through the section, that a load pressure detecting port is formed at a horizontally intermediate portion of the spool hole, that a pump port, an actuator port, and a tank port are formed on each of the sides of the load pressure detecting port, that a spool is fittingly inserted into the spool hole so as to slide therein to thereby constitute a control valve, that pressure compensator valves are disposed on the right and left sides of the control valve of the valve main body on its upper side, and that a load pressure detecting section is disposed on the spool which detects a load pressure and supply the load pressure detecting port with the load pressure so detected.
摘要翻译：一种包括压力补偿阀并能够制造液压回路较小的控制阀，其特征在于，在阀主体的垂直中间部分中以横向穿过该部分的方式形成滑阀孔，压力检测口形成在卷轴孔的水平中间部分处，在负载压力检测口的每一侧上形成有泵口，致动器端口和罐口，将阀芯适当地插入滑阀，以便在其中滑动，从而构成控制阀，压力补偿阀设置在阀主体的上侧的控制阀的左侧和左侧，并且负载压力检测部分设置在该卷轴检测负载压力，并在检测到负载压力的同时提供负载压力检测端口。

2. 发明申请

WO1991018211A1 CONTROL VALVE PROVIDED WITH PRESSURE COMPENSATED VALVE 审中-公开
标题翻译：带有压力补偿阀的控制阀
公开(公告)号：WO1991018211A1
公开(公告)日：1991-11-28
申请号：PCT/JP1991000638
申请日：1991-05-15
申请人： KOMATSU LTD. , AKIYAMA, Teruo , SHIRAI, Kiyoshi , ISHIZAKI, Naoki , YAMASHITA, Koji , SHINOZAKI, Shinichi
发明人： KOMATSU LTD.
IPC分类号： F15B11/00
CPC分类号： E02F9/2232 , E02F9/2225 , E02F9/2296 , F15B13/0417 , Y10T137/87169 , Y10T137/87185
摘要： A control valve provided with a pressure compensated valve without the interior of a valve body being complicated. In the valve body, a load pressure transmitting path, a check valve and a restriction are formed in a spool constituting a control valve thereof, and an intermediate pressure between a pressure at the inlet and a pressure at the outlet of the pressure compensated valve adjacently provided in the valve body can be fed to a pressure receiving portion of the pressure compensated valve through an oil hole formed in the spool, so that the control valve provided with the pressure compensated valve, which is simple in construction and easy to manufacture, can be provided.

3. 发明申请

WO1993021446A1 PRESSURE OIL SUPPLYING DEVICE 审中-公开
标题翻译：压力油供应装置
公开(公告)号：WO1993021446A1
公开(公告)日：1993-10-28
申请号：PCT/JP1993000452
申请日：1993-04-08
申请人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO , TAKEUCHI, Masamitsu; , IKEI, Kazunori; , KARAKAMA, Tadao; , AKASHI, Mitsumasa; , AKIYAMA, Teruo; , MARUYAMA, Jun; , TAKA, Keisuke;
发明人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO
IPC分类号： F15B11/00
CPC分类号： F15B11/165 , E02F9/2225 , E02F9/2232 , E02F9/2267 , E02F9/2296 , F15B11/163 , F15B11/168 , F15B13/0417 , F15B13/0839 , F15B13/0896 , F15B2211/20553 , F15B2211/253 , F15B2211/30505 , F15B2211/30525 , F15B2211/30535 , F15B2211/3111 , F15B2211/3116 , F15B2211/3144 , F15B2211/31511 , F15B2211/31576 , F15B2211/329 , F15B2211/351 , F15B2211/355 , F15B2211/6054 , F15B2211/6058 , F15B2211/71 , Y10T137/87169 , Y10T137/87885
摘要： A pressure oil supplying device wherein, in order to distribute and supply pressure oil discharged from a hydraulic pump to a plurality of actuators without using any shuttle valves and to prevent the natural drop of the actuators in a transition state in which load pressures are changed over, a plurality of pressure compensator valves connected in parallel with a pump discharge conduit of the hydraulic pump and direction control valves each installed at each pressure compensator valve are provided so that pressure oil discharged from the hydraulic pump is supplied to the plurality of actuators, the pressure oil supplying device being characterized in that the pressure compensator valve is constituted by a check valve portion for opening and closing the pump discharging conduit and the inlet port of a direction control valve and a pressure reducing valve portion for reducing the pump discharging pressure, that the check valve portion is constructed such that it is moved so as to open the valve by the inlet pressure, while it is moved so as to close the valve by the outlet pressure, that the pressure reducing valve portion is constructed such that it is brought into abutment with the check valve portion by means of a spring and that a communication between the inlet side and the outlet side thereof is established by the pressure of one of the pressure chambers so as to be biassed in a direction away from the check valve portion, while the communication between the inlet side and the outlet side is cut off by the pressure of the other pressure chamber so as to be biassed in a direction of closing the check valve portion, and that a load pressure is supplied to the actuator for supplying pressure oil to the one of the pressure chambers so that the other pressure chambers of the respective valve blocks are caused to communicate with each other.
摘要翻译：一种压力供油装置，其中，为了将从液压泵排出的压力油分配并供给到多个致动器而不使用任何梭阀，并且防止致动器在负载压力变化的过渡状态中的自然下降与液压泵的泵排出管并列配置的多个压力补偿阀，分别安装在各压力补偿阀上，使得从液压泵排出的压力油被供给至多个致动器，压力供油装置的特征在于，压力补偿阀由用于打开和关闭泵排出管道的止回阀部分和用于降低泵排出压力的方向控制阀和减压阀部分的入口构成，止回阀部分构造成使其移动以打开t 他通过入口压力进行阀门移动，以便通过出口压力关闭阀门，减压阀部分构造成使得其通过弹簧与止回阀部分邻接，并且通过一个压力室的压力来建立其入口侧和出口侧之间的连通，以便在远离止回阀部分的方向上被偏压，同时入口侧和出口侧之间的连通被切断通过另一个压力室的压力使其在关闭止回阀部分的方向上被偏压，并且向致动器供应负载压力，以向压力室中的一个供应压力油，使得其它压力室使各个阀块彼此连通。

4. 发明申请

WO1991002904A1 PRESSURE OIL FEED CIRCUIT DEVICE FOR HYDRAULIC CYLINDER OF OPERATION MACHINE 审中-公开
标题翻译：液压油缸运行机油压输油装置
公开(公告)号：WO1991002904A1
公开(公告)日：1991-03-07
申请号：PCT/JP1990001050
申请日：1990-08-16
申请人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO , SHIRAI, Kiyoshi; , AKIYAMA, Teruo; , SHINOHARA, Shigeru; , ISHIZAKI, Naoki; , TAKIGUCHI, Takahide;
发明人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO
IPC分类号： F15B11/00
CPC分类号： F15B11/165 , E02F9/2232 , E02F9/2235 , E02F9/2296 , F15B11/163 , F15B2211/20553 , F15B2211/253 , F15B2211/40515 , F15B2211/40561 , F15B2211/413 , F15B2211/41572 , F15B2211/455 , F15B2211/50536 , F15B2211/526 , F15B2211/528 , F15B2211/575 , F15B2211/6054 , F15B2211/6346 , F15B2211/7052 , F15B2211/71
摘要： This invention intends to provide a pressure oil feed circuit device for a hydraulic cylinder of an operation machine which can control a pump discharge flow rate so that the difference between a pump discharge pressure and a load pressure becomes constant during the normal operation of the operation machine and can control the discharge flow rate of the pump so as to decrease it during the fine operation of the operation machine. The pressure oil feed circuit device includes a larger diameter piston (9) for operating the capacity regulation member (8) of a variable capacity pump (2) in such a direction as to reduce the pump capacity; a smaller diameter piston (10) for operating the capacity regulation member (8) of the variable capacity pump (2) in such a direction as to increase the pump capacity, the smaller diameter piston (10) having a small diameter piston pressure receiving chamber (10a) connected to the pump discharge passage (2a); a load sensing valve (11) for establishing/cutting off communication between the pressure receiving chamber (9a) of the larger diameter piston and the pump discharge passage; and means (12, 13, 14) for providing the load sensing valve with a push force exerted in the direction of establishing communication between the pump discharge passage (2a) and the larger diameter piston pressure receiving chamber (9a).
摘要翻译：本发明旨在提供一种操作机械的液压缸的压力油供给回路装置，其能够控制泵排出流量，使得在操作机器的正常操作期间泵排出压力和负载压力之间的差变得恒定并且可以在操作机的精细操作期间控制泵的排出流量以减小其排出流量。压力供油回路装置包括用于沿减小泵容量的方向操作可变容量泵（2）的容量调节构件（8）的较大直径的活塞（9）一个较小直径的活塞（10），用于沿增加泵容量的方向操作可变容量泵（2）的容量调节件（8），具有小直径活塞压力接收室（10a），连接到泵排出通道（2a）; 用于建立/切断大直径活塞的受压室（9a）和泵排出通道之间的连通的负载传感阀（11）以及用于为负载感测阀提供沿建立泵排出通道（2a）和较大直径活塞压力接收室（9a）之间的连通的方向施加的推力的装置（12,13,14）。

5. 发明申请

WO1992009810A1 HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT SYSTEM 审中-公开
标题翻译：液压回路系统
公开(公告)号：WO1992009810A1
公开(公告)日：1992-06-11
申请号：PCT/JP1991001673
申请日：1991-11-29
申请人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO , KARAKAMA, Tadao; , AKIYAMA, Teruo;
发明人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO
IPC分类号： F15B11/00
CPC分类号： E02F9/2285 , E02F9/2225 , E02F9/2232 , E02F9/2235 , E02F9/2296 , F15B11/163 , F15B2211/20553 , F15B2211/25 , F15B2211/3054 , F15B2211/3111 , F15B2211/329 , F15B2211/50518 , F15B2211/55 , F15B2211/6054 , F15B2211/71
摘要： A hydraulic circuit system wherein errors in flowrate distribution of pressure oil from a hydraulic pump to a plurality of hydraulic actruators can be reduced, supply of pressure oil can be quickly performed, a circuit configuration can be simplified and the system can be produced at low costs. The system comprises: a plurality of control valves (15) provided in circuits (10a, 17) connected between a hydraulic pump (10) and a plurality of hydraulic actuators (16); a plurality of pressure compensation valves (18) which can be set at the highest load pressure from among the load pressures acting on the respective hydraulic actuators; and load pressure detecting ports (37) connected to a load pressure introduction path (23) through a check valve (42) and provided on control valves (15) in a manner to detect intermediate pressures between pressures on the inlet sides and on the outlet sides of the respective pressure compensation valves (18) from within control valves when the respective control valves (15) are set at pressure oil supply positions (I or II). First pressure receiving portions (19) for pressing the pressure compensation valves (18) in the blocking directions are connected to a load pressure introduction path (23) in such a manner that load pressures can be detected at the ports from pressure oil inlet sides of the pressure compensation valves (18), and, on the other hand, second pressure receiving portions (21) for pressing the pressure compensation valves (18) in the communicating directions are connected to the pressure oil outlet side of the control valve (15).
摘要翻译：液压回路系统可以减少来自液压泵的压力油流量的分配误差并且用于多个液压执行器，可以快速地执行加压供油，电路可以简化并且系统可以以低成本生产。该系统包括：多个控制阀（15），设置在连接在液压泵（10）和多个液压致动器（16）之间的回路（10a，17）中; 多个压力补偿阀（18），其能够设定为作用于各液压致动器的负载压力中的最高负载压力; 并且通过止回阀（42）加载压力感测点（37），该压力感测点与充气压力引入通道（23）相连并设置在控制阀（15）上。），以便当各个控制阀（15）被设定在位置时检测控制阀内部的各个压力补偿阀（18）的入口侧和出口侧压力之间的中间压力加压供油（I或II）。用于将压力补偿阀（18）沿阻挡方向偏置的第一压力接收部分（19）连接到电荷引入压力路径（23），使得充电压力可以是（18）的压力油入口侧和用于设定泄压阀（18）的第二压力接收部分（21）在检测点处检测。在连通方向上的压力补偿（18）连接到控制阀（15）的压力油出口侧。

6. 发明申请

WO1992006304A1 HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT SYSTEM 审中-公开
标题翻译：液压回路系统
公开(公告)号：WO1992006304A1
公开(公告)日：1992-04-16
申请号：PCT/JP1991001284
申请日：1991-09-26
申请人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO , AKIYAMA, Teruo; , ISHIZAKI, Naoki; , SHIRAI, Kiyoshi; , YAMASHITA, Koji; , SHINOZAKI, Shin-ichi;
发明人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO
IPC分类号： F15B11/00
CPC分类号： E02F9/2225 , E02F9/2232 , E02F9/2296 , F15B11/165 , F15B2211/20553 , F15B2211/20592 , F15B2211/40515 , F15B2211/40569 , F15B2211/413 , F15B2211/455 , F15B2211/6052 , F15B2211/6054 , F15B2211/6058 , F15B2211/6355 , F15B2211/71
摘要： A hydraulic circuit system capable of making the rise of the driving pressure slow and of preventing the hunting phenomenon even at the start of driving of a hydraulic actuator being high in inertia. The system comprises: a plurality of control valves (15) provided in a discharge piping (10a) of a hydraulic pump (10); and pressure compensating valves (18) respectively provided in pipings for connecting these control valves (15) to respective hydraulic actuators (16); wherein the respective pressure compensating valves (18) are set at the highest load pressure out of respective load pressures of the respective hydraulic actuators (16), and a pump discharge capacity is controlled by a change-over valve (14) actuated by the difference between a pump discharge pressure and a load pressure. A bypass piping (31) connected to a load pressure introducing path (30) for introducing the load pressure into the pressure receiving portion of the aforesaid change-over valve (14) is included, and this bypass piping (31) is connected to a tank through a bypass valve (32) being throttled in the inverse proportion to a change in the opening area of the control valve (15).

7. 发明申请

WO1991002903A1 HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT DEVICE 审中-公开
标题翻译：液压电路装置
公开(公告)号：WO1991002903A1
公开(公告)日：1991-03-07
申请号：PCT/JP1990001049
申请日：1990-08-16
申请人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO , SHIRAI, Kiyoshi; , AKIYAMA, Teruo; , SHINOHARA, Shigeru; , ISHIZAKI, Naoki; , TAKIGUCHI, Takahide;
发明人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO
IPC分类号： F15B11/00
CPC分类号： F15B13/0422
摘要： This invention provides a hydraulic circuit device which improves the statically determinate properties of each actuator when each operation valve is operated abruptly, increases the discharge flow rate of a variable pump to improve responsiveness when each operation valve is set to a neutral position and compensates for the pressure when a pressure oil is supplied to each actuator. The hydraulic circuit device includes a bleed-off circuit (11) which connects the discarge path (1a) of the variable pump (1) for discharging the pressure oil to a tank, a bleed-off valve (12) which is disposed in the bleed-off circuit, and is switched to a communication position (I) when each operation valve (2) is in the neutral position and to a cut-off position (II) when each operation valve is in a first or second pressure oil supply position, and a throttle (13) disposed in the bleed-off circuit.
摘要翻译：本发明提供了一种液压回路装置，当每个操作阀突然操作时，提高每个致动器的静态特性，提高可变泵的排出流量，以提高每个操作阀设置在中立位置时的响应性，并补偿当向每个致动器供应压力油时的压力。液压回路装置包括：排出回路（11），其连接可变泵（1）的放大路径（1a），用于将压力油排放到油箱;排出阀（12）并且当每个操作阀处于中间位置时切换到通信位置（I），并且当每个操作阀处于第一或第二压力油供应时切换到截止位置（II）位置，以及设置在泄放电路中的节流阀（13）。

8. 发明申请

WO1991000432A1 HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT 审中-公开
标题翻译：液压回路
公开(公告)号：WO1991000432A1
公开(公告)日：1991-01-10
申请号：PCT/JP1990000830
申请日：1990-06-26
申请人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO , SHIRAI, Kiyoshi; , AKIYAMA, Teruo; , SHINOHARA, Shigeru; , ISHIZAKI, Naoki; , TAKIGUCHI, Takahide;
发明人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO
IPC分类号： F15B11/16
CPC分类号： E02F9/2214 , F15B11/16 , F15B13/0417 , F15B2211/20546 , F15B2211/3054 , F15B2211/3111 , F15B2211/329 , F15B2211/6054 , F15B2211/71
摘要： A hydraulic circuit for cushioning shock when feeding discharged pressure oil from one hydraulic pump to a plurality of actuators while gradually reducing the flow quantity fed to the actuator under a high load whereas increasing the flow quantity to the other actuators under a low load for increasing the operating speed of said actuators. The hydraulic circuit is provided with a throttle (R) in the load pressure introducing passage of a pressure compensation valve (18) provided in one of a plurality of operating valves (2). The circuit is further provided with relief valves (22, 22) adapted to perform relief action by load pressure in an actuator (3) operated by the operating valve (2), and with throttle (24) arranged so that pressure may be generated at the drain side of each of these relief valves.
摘要翻译：一种用于在将排出的压力油从一个液压泵输送到多个致动器时缓冲冲击的液压回路，同时逐渐减小在高负载下供给到致动器的流量，同时在低负载下增加到其他致动器的流量，以增加所述致动器的操作速度。液压回路在设置在多个操作阀（2）中的一个中的压力补偿阀（18）的负载压力引入通道中设置有节流阀（R）。电路还设置有安全阀（22,22），安全阀（22,22）适于通过由操作阀（2）操作的致动器（3）中的负载压力执行释放动作，并且节气门（24）布置成使得可以在每个这些安全阀的排水侧。

9. 发明申请

WO1993011364A1 HYDRAULIC CIRCUIT FOR OPERATING PLURAL ACTUATORS AND ITS PRESSURE COMPENSATING VALVE AND MAXIMUM LOAD PRESSURE DETECTOR 审中-公开
标题翻译：用于操作二次执行机构的液压回路及其压力补偿阀和最大负载检测器
公开(公告)号：WO1993011364A1
公开(公告)日：1993-06-10
申请号：PCT/JP1992001540
申请日：1992-11-25
申请人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO , KARAKAMA, Tadao , AKIYAMA, Teruo , YAMASHITA, Mitsuharu , ISHIZAKI, Naoki
发明人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO
IPC分类号： F15B11/00
CPC分类号： F15B13/0417 , E02F9/2225 , F15B11/17 , F15B2211/20553 , F15B2211/20576 , F15B2211/27 , F15B2211/3054 , F15B2211/3111 , F15B2211/40515 , F15B2211/40569 , F15B2211/41518 , F15B2211/428 , F15B2211/455 , F15B2211/50536 , F15B2211/5157 , F15B2211/6303 , F15B2211/6313 , F15B2211/6316 , F15B2211/6355 , F15B2211/65 , F15B2211/654 , F15B2211/6654 , F15B2211/7142 , F15B2211/78
摘要： Simultaneous operation efficiency in a case where a plurality of actuators are operated by one or a plurality of hydraulic pumps is improved. A delivery pressure passage (1a) of one hydraulic pump (1) and that (1a) of the other hydraulic pump (1) communicate with each other through a first short-circuit passage (39) via a pair of check valves (38, 38), and an unload valve (40) is provided in this first short circuit passage (39). The load pressure introduction passages (6, 6) on the left and right hydraulic pumps (1, 1) side communicate with each other through a second short circuit passage (36) via a pair of check valves (35, 35), and a relief valve (37) is provided in this short circuit passage (36). The unload valve (40) is unloaded by the differential pressure between the pump delivery pressure in the first short circuit passage (39) and the load pressure in the second short circuit passage (36), whereby a single relief valve (37) carries out a relieving operation both in the flow merging time and current branching time to equalize the maximum pump delivery pressures. The set pressure of the relief valve (37) can be a high level so as to relieve the valve (37) under a predetermined high load pressure and so as not to relieve the same, whereby the relieving operation can be arbitrarily controlled.
摘要翻译：在多个致动器由一个或多个液压泵操作的情况下的同时操作效率提高。一个液压泵（1）的输送压力通道（1a）和另一个液压泵（1）的（1a）通过第一短路通道（39）经由一对止回阀（38， 38），并且在该第一短路通路（39）中设置有卸载阀（40）。左右液压泵（1,1）侧的负荷压力导入通路（6,6）经由一对止回阀（35,35）经由第二短路通路（36）相互连通，在该短路通路（36）上设有安全阀（37）。卸载阀（40）通过第一短路通路（39）中的泵输送压力与第二短路通路（36）中的负载压力之间的压差来卸载，由此单个安全阀（37）执行在流动合并时间和当前分支时间中的减轻操作以均衡最大泵输送压力。安全阀（37）的设定压力可以是高水平，以便在预定的高负载压力下释放阀（37），并且不会使其释放，从而可以任意地控制卸载操作。

10. 发明申请

WO1991018212A1 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM 审中-公开
标题翻译：液压系统
公开(公告)号：WO1991018212A1
公开(公告)日：1991-11-28
申请号：PCT/JP1991000641
申请日：1991-05-15
申请人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO , AKIYAMA, Teruo , SHIRAI, Kiyoshi , ISHIZAKI, Naoki , YAMASHITA, Koji , SHINOZAKI, Shinichi
发明人： KABUSHIKI KAISHA KOMATSU SEISAKUSHO
IPC分类号： F15B11/00
CPC分类号： E02F9/2232 , F15B11/163 , F15B11/165 , F15B13/0417 , F15B2211/20553 , F15B2211/3054 , F15B2211/3111 , F15B2211/3144 , F15B2211/40515 , F15B2211/40569 , F15B2211/413 , F15B2211/455 , F15B2211/6052 , F15B2211/6054 , F15B2211/6058 , F15B2211/7052 , F15B2211/71
摘要： A hydraulic system (1) according to the first invention, wherein intermediate pressures between pressures at the inlets and the outlets of first and second pressure compensated valves (4), (4') are caused to act on pressure-receiving surfaces (4b), (4b') on the flowrate decreasing side through first and second intermediate pressure supplying means (13), (13'), so that errors in operation and malfunctions of the pressure compensated valves (4), (4') can be controlled. A hydraulic system (20) according to the second invention, wherein control valves (3), (3') are in neutral positions, holding pressures of hydraulic actuators (5), (5') are caused to act on pressure-receiving surfaces (4b), (4b') on the flowrate decreasing side of the compensated valves (4), (4') so as to hold a spool in a position of compensation, so that responsiveness of the hydraulic actuators (5), (5') to the lever operations can be improved. A hydraulic system (30) according to the third invention, wherein at least one of the areas of the pressure-receiving surfaces (4a), (4a') on the flowrate increasing side of the pressure compensated valves (4), (4') is set larger than the area of the pressure-receiving surfaces (4b), (4b') on the flowrate decreasing side so as to decrease the accuracy of the pressure compensation, so that the maximal operation speeds of the hydraulic actuators (5), (5') can be prevented from being lowered.

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