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71. 发明专利

JP2012082708A Exhaust gas control apparatus, and internal combustion engine 审中-公开
标题翻译：排气控制装置和内燃机
公开(公告)号：JP2012082708A
公开(公告)日：2012-04-26
申请号：JP2010227456
申请日：2010-10-07
申请人： Denso Corp , Toyota Motor Corp , トヨタ自動車株式会社 , 株式会社デンソー
发明人： KAMOSHITA SHINJI , NAKAYAMA SHIGEKI , HIRAMATSU HIROKI , MURAI HIROYUKI
IPC分类号： F01N3/36 , B01D46/42 , B01D53/94 , F01N3/023 , F01N3/025 , F01N3/029 , F01N3/24 , F01N3/28
CPC分类号： F01N3/18 , F01N3/0256 , F01N3/2033 , F01N9/00 , F01N2240/14 , F01N2240/16 , F01N2560/06 , F01N2560/07 , F01N2610/03 , Y02T10/26 , Y02T10/47
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To appropriately heat or combust fuel added to an exhaust passage regardless of variations in the state of exhaust gas in the exhaust passage.SOLUTION: An exhaust gas control apparatus includes: a fuel adding means 34 that is provided so as to supply fuel to an exhaust passage, which is upstream of exhaust gas purification members 20, 22, 24 provided in the exhaust passage 14; a heating means 36 that is disposed between the fuel adding means 34 and the exhaust gas purification member; and a control means that controls an amount of electric power that is supplied to the heating portion 36, based on an exhaust gas temperature and an exhaust gas flow rate.
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：适当地加热或燃烧添加到排气通道中的燃料，而不管排气通道中的废气状态如何变化。解决方案：排气控制装置包括：燃料添加装置34，其设置成向设置在排气通道14中的排气净化部件20,22,24的上游的排气通路供给燃料; 设置在燃料添加装置34和废气净化部件之间的加热装置36; 以及控制装置，其基于排气温度和排气流量来控制供给到加热部36的电力量。版权所有（C）2012，JPO＆INPIT

72. 发明专利

JP2011231747A Method and device for detecting fuel cetane number 审中-公开
标题翻译：用于检测燃料CETANE编号的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：JP2011231747A
公开(公告)日：2011-11-17
申请号：JP2010105613
申请日：2010-04-30
申请人： Toyota Motor Corp , トヨタ自動車株式会社
发明人： NAKAYAMA SHIGEKI , INOUE MIKIO , TSUJIMOTO KENICHI
IPC分类号： F02D45/00 , F01N3/36
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method and device for easily detecting a cetane number with increased detection opportunities.SOLUTION: An exhaust heating device 40 for heating exhaust guided by an exhaust emission control device 42 is arranged at an upstream side of the exhaust emission control device 42. An internal combustion engine 10 includes a fuel addition valve to be used by the exhaust heating device 40 to add a fuel to an exhaust passage 13 and an ignition means for heating and igniting the fuel added to the exhaust passage 13. The internal combustion engine includes: a temperature sensor for detecting ignition 41 arranged at the exhaust passage 13 between the ignition means and the exhaust emission control device 42; an ignition means driving device changing an output state of the ignition means; and a means for estimating the cetane number of the fuel added from the fuel addition valve based on detection information from the temperature sensor for detecting ignition 41 and the output state of the ignition means at that time.
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：提供一种容易检测十六烷值的方法和装置，具有增加的检测机会。解决方案：在废气排放控制装置42的上游侧设置有用于加热由废气排放控制装置42引导的排气的排气加热装置40.内燃机10包括燃料添加阀，排气加热装置40，以将燃料添加到排气通道13和用于加热和点燃添加到排气通道13中的燃料的点火装置。内燃机包括：温度传感器，用于检测在排气通道13处布置的点火41 点火装置和废气排放控制装置42; 点火装置驱动装置改变点火装置的输出状态; 以及用于基于来自用于检测点火开关41的温度传感器的检测信息和当时点火装置的输出状态来估计从燃料添加阀添加的燃料的十六烷值的装置。版权所有（C）2012，JPO＆INPIT

73. 发明专利

JP2010090758A Fuel injection control device 有权
标题翻译：燃油喷射控制装置
公开(公告)号：JP2010090758A
公开(公告)日：2010-04-22
申请号：JP2008260010
申请日：2008-10-06
申请人： Toyota Motor Corp , トヨタ自動車株式会社
发明人： IBUKI TAKU , NAKAYAMA SHIGEKI
IPC分类号： F02D41/22 , F02D21/08 , F02D45/00
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a fuel injection device achieving suppression of misfire and suppression of smoke generation caused by transient delay of a cylinder oxygen concentration accompanied with introduction of EGR gas in a diesel engine provided with an EGR device.
SOLUTION: This fuel injection control device 1 calculates misfire injection timing ainjmax based on the cylinder oxygen concentration Rb acquired by a cylinder oxygen concentration sensor. Then, the misfire injection timing is compared with reference injection timing ainjmbse calculated from engine speed NE and required injection quantity Qr. When the misfire injection timing ainjmax is advanced more than the reference injection timing ainjmbse, the misfire injection timing ainjmax is set as injection timing. Thus, the reference injection timing ainjmbse is compared with the misfire injection timing ainjmax and more advanced injection timing is selected, thereby suppressing the misfire. Further, when the misfire injection timing ainjmax is selected, the smoke generation is suppressed by selecting a misfire guard injection quantity.
COPYRIGHT: (C)2010,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：解决的问题：提供一种燃料喷射装置，其实现了在配备有EGR装置的柴油发动机中伴随着引入EGR气体的气缸氧浓度的瞬时延迟而导致的失火抑制和烟雾产生抑制。解决方案：该燃料喷射控制装置1基于由气缸氧浓度传感器获取的气缸氧浓度Rb计算失火喷射正时ainjmax。然后，将失火喷射正时与根据发动机速度NE和所需喷射量Qr计算的参考喷射正时ainjmbse进行比较。当失火喷射正时ainjmax超过参考喷射定时ainjmbse时，失火喷射定时ainjmax被设定为喷射正时。因此，将参考喷射定时ainjmbse与失火喷射定时ainjmax进行比较，并且选择更高级的喷射正时，从而抑制失火。此外，当选择失火喷射正时ainjmax时，通过选择失火保护喷射量来抑制烟雾产生。版权所有（C）2010，JPO＆INPIT

74. 发明专利

JP2008267335A Exhaust gas recirculation device for internal combustion engine 有权
标题翻译：用于内燃机的排气回收装置
公开(公告)号：JP2008267335A
公开(公告)日：2008-11-06
申请号：JP2007114159
申请日：2007-04-24
申请人： Toyota Motor Corp , トヨタ自動車株式会社
发明人： MATSUNAGA AKIO , NAKAYAMA SHIGEKI , ONISHI TOMOMI , IEMURA AKIYUKI
IPC分类号： F02M25/07
CPC分类号： Y02T10/121
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an exhaust gas recirculation device for an internal combustion engine capable of appropriately controlling the flow rate of exhaust gas introduced into an intake air passage in an internal combustion engine having a plurality of EGR passages.
SOLUTION: The exhaust gas recirculation device for the internal combustion engine 1 having a low pressure EGR passage 20 having a low pressure EGR valve 23 and a high pressure EGR passage 21 having a high pressure EGR valve 24 is provided with an intake air temperature sensor 32 arranged in the intake air passage 3 of the downstream of an exhaust gas introduction position of the low pressure EGR passage 20, stores a temperature of intake air at a time of adaptation for adjusting an opening of the low pressure EGR valve 23 to introduce the exhaust gas of a target flow rate into the intake air passage 3 via the low pressure EGR passage 20 as a reference value, and corrects a correlation of the opening of the low pressure EGR valve 23 and the flow rate of exhaust gas introduced into the intake passage 3 via the low pressure EGR passage 20 based on a difference between the reference value and the temperature of intake air detected by the intake air temperature sensor 32 when the opening of the low pressure EGR valve 23, an opening of the high pressure EGR valve 24 and the operation state of the internal combustion engine 1 are put into a state of adaptation.
COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：解决的问题：提供一种用于内燃机的排气再循环装置，其能够适当地控制引入具有多个EGR通道的内燃机中的进气通道中的排气的流量。解决方案：具有低压EGR阀23的低压EGR通路20和具有高压EGR阀24的高压EGR通路21的内燃机1的废气再循环装置设有进气布置在低压EGR通路20的排气导入位置下游的进气通路3内的温度传感器32将适应时的进气温度调节为低压EGR阀23的开度，将目标流量的废气经由低压EGR通路20作为参考值引入进气通道3，并且校正低压EGR阀23的开度与引入的排气的流量的相关性进气通路3经由低压EGR通路20，基于当开启时由进气温度传感器32检测出的基准值和进气温度之差低压EGR阀23的开度，内燃机1的运转状态变为适应状态。版权所有（C）2009，JPO＆INPIT

75. 发明专利

JP2008261300A Exhaust gas recirculation device for internal combustion engine 有权
标题翻译：用于内燃机的排气回收装置
公开(公告)号：JP2008261300A
公开(公告)日：2008-10-30
申请号：JP2007105682
申请日：2007-04-13
申请人： Toyota Motor Corp , トヨタ自動車株式会社
发明人： NAKAYAMA SHIGEKI , ONISHI TOMOMI , MATSUNAGA AKIO
IPC分类号： F02M25/07
CPC分类号： F02M26/06 , F02M26/05
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide technology accurately calculating both of low pressure EGR rate and high pressure EGR late, stabilizing intake air temperature and supercharging pressure by closed loop control of flow rate of both in a low pressure EGR passage and a high pressure EGR passage, and inhibiting deterioration of exhaust emission in an exhaust gas recirculation device for an internal combustion engine. SOLUTION: This exhaust gas recirculation device calculates low pressure EGR rate indicating ratio of low pressure EGR gas quantity to intake air quantity sucked by the internal combustion engine and high pressure EGR rate indicating ratio of high pressure EGR gas quantity to intake air quantity by using CO 2 concentration in an intake passage in a downstream of a connection section of the low pressure EGR passage and in an upstream passage of a connection section of the high pressure EGR passage, CO 2 concentration in the intake passage in a downstream of the connection part of high pressure EGR passage, and CO 2 concentration exhausted from the internal combustion engine (S103). The device controls the low pressure EGR rate and the high pressure EGR rate to be calculated to each target value (S104). COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：为了提供精确计算低压EGR率和高压EGR EGR的技术，通过闭环控制低压EGR通道和高压EGR通道的流量来稳定进气温度和增压压力并且抑制内燃机的废气再循环装置的废气排放的劣化。解决方案：该排气再循环装置计算出低压EGR气体量与内燃机吸入的进气量的低压EGR率指示比和高压EGR气体指示率与高压EGR气体量与进气量的比值通过在低压EGR通路的连接部分的下游侧的进气通道和高压EGR通路的连接部分的上游通道CO 2中使用CO 2 在高压EGR通路的连接部分的下游的进气通道中浓度和从内燃机排出的CO 2 浓度（S103）。该装置根据每个目标值控制低压EGR率和高压EGR率（S104）。版权所有（C）2009，JPO＆INPIT

76. 发明专利

JP2008175131A Egr system of internal combustion engine 有权
标题翻译：内燃机EGR系统
公开(公告)号：JP2008175131A
公开(公告)日：2008-07-31
申请号：JP2007009272
申请日：2007-01-18
申请人： Toyota Motor Corp , トヨタ自動車株式会社
发明人： MURATA HIROKI , NAGAE MASAHIRO , SHIMIZU HAJIME , NAKAYAMA SHIGEKI , ONISHI TOMOMI
IPC分类号： F02M25/07
CPC分类号： F02D41/0065 , F02B29/0406 , F02D9/04 , F02D41/0007 , F02M26/05 , F02M26/06 , F02M26/15 , F02M26/24 , Y02T10/47
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To suppress the deterioration of exhaust emission during the transition in which the operating conditions of an internal combustion engine are changed in the internal combustion engine having an EGR system for performing EGR by using both a high-pressure EGR means and a low-pressure EGR means. SOLUTION: This EGR system comprises a high-pressure EGR device for returning the exhaust on the upstream side of a turbine to the suction pipe on the downstream side of a compressor and recirculating it into the internal combustion engine and a low-pressure EGR device for returning the exhaust on the downstream side of the turbine to the suction pipe on the upstream side of the compressor and recirculating it into the internal combustion engine. During the stationary operation of the internal combustion engine, EGR is performed by mixing a high-pressure EGR gas with a low-pressure EGR gas at the mixing ratio at which the ratio of high-pressure EGR gas is higher than in the case of the existing mixing ratio. During the transition of the acceleration of the internal combustion engine, the opening of the high-pressure EGR valve is set to the opening Oht2 by closing it more than the target opening Ohsfc2 in the accelerated operating conditions. The total EGR gas amount is suppressed from getting excessive in a response delay period Δt23 in which the low-pressure EGR gas amount is not sufficiently reduced. COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：为了抑制在具有EGR系统的内燃机中内燃机的运转状态发生变化的过渡期间，通过使用高压EGR 装置和低压EGR装置。解决方案：该EGR系统包括高压EGR装置，用于将涡轮上游侧的排气返回到压缩机下游侧的吸入管并将其再循环到内燃机中，并将低压 EGR装置，用于将涡轮机下游侧的排气返回到压缩机的上游侧的吸入管，并将其再循环到内燃机中。在内燃机的静止运转中，通过将高压EGR气体与低压EGR气体混合，以高压EGR气体的比例高于现有混合比。在内燃机的加速过渡期间，通过在加速运转条件下将其高于目标开度Ohsfc2，将高压EGR阀的开度设定为开度Oht2。在不能充分降低低压EGR气体量的响应延迟期间Δt23中，抑制总EGR气体量的过剩。版权所有（C）2008，JPO＆INPIT

77. 发明专利

JP2008128028A Exhaust gas recirculation system for internal combustion engine 审中-公开
标题翻译：用于内燃机的排气回送系统
公开(公告)号：JP2008128028A
公开(公告)日：2008-06-05
申请号：JP2006311219
申请日：2006-11-17
申请人： Toyota Motor Corp , トヨタ自動車株式会社
发明人： ONISHI TOMOMI , MATSUNAGA AKIO , NAKAYAMA SHIGEKI , IEMURA AKIYUKI
IPC分类号： F02M25/07 , F02D21/08 , F02D23/00
CPC分类号： F02D41/0255 , F02B29/04 , F02D41/0055 , F02M26/05 , F02M26/06 , F02M26/15 , F02M26/25 , F02M26/49 , Y02T10/26 , Y02T10/47
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a technology for suppressing failure caused by PM or HC flowing into an EGR system or an intake system when an exhaust purifying catalyst is inactive in an exhaust gas recirculation system for an internal combustion engine including the exhaust purifying catalyst in a distribution path of EGR gas. SOLUTION: This system is equipped with: a turbocharger having a turbine in an exhaust passage and a compressor in an intake passage of an internal combustion engine; the exhaust purifying catalyst disposed in the exhaust passage; a low pressure EGR passage for connecting the exhaust passage further downstream than the turbine and the exhaust purifying catalyst to the intake passage further upstream of the compressor; an EGR cooler disposed in the low pressure EGR passage and that cools exhaust gas passing through the low pressure EGR passage; a bypass means for making the exhaust gas flowing into the low pressure EGR passage to bypass the EGR cooler; and a control means for making the exhaust gas flowing into the low pressure EGR passage to bypass the EGR cooler by controlling the bypass means when the exhaust purifying catalyst is determined to be in an inactive state. COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：提供一种用于在排气净化催化剂在包括排气的内燃机的排气再循环系统中不活动时，抑制流入EGR系统或进气系统的PM或HC引起的故障的技术在EGR气体的分配路径中净化催化剂。解决方案：该系统配备有：在排气通道中具有涡轮的涡轮增压器和内燃机的进气通道中的压缩机; 所述排气净化催化剂配置在所述排气通路中; 低压EGR通路，用于将排气通道进一步下游地连接到涡轮机和排气净化催化剂到进气通道，进一步在压缩机的上游; 设置在低压EGR通路中的EGR冷却器，其冷却通过低压EGR通路的排气; 用于使废气流入低压EGR通道以绕过EGR冷却器的旁路装置; 以及控制装置，用于当排气净化催化剂被确定为处于非活动状态时，通过控制旁路装置，使排气流入低压EGR通道旁路EGR冷却器。版权所有（C）2008，JPO＆INPIT

78. 发明专利

JP2008101591A Ignition timing control device of internal combustion engine 审中-公开
标题翻译：内燃机点火时间控制装置
公开(公告)号：JP2008101591A
公开(公告)日：2008-05-01
申请号：JP2006286627
申请日：2006-10-20
申请人： Nippon Soken Inc , Toyota Motor Corp , トヨタ自動車株式会社 , 株式会社日本自動車部品総合研究所
发明人： SATO TAKAAKI , NAKASE YOSHIHIRO , IBUKI TAKU , NAKAYAMA SHIGEKI
IPC分类号： F02D41/04 , F02D41/40 , F02D45/00
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide technology for accurately controlling the ignition timing of injected fuel to target ignition timing even when an internal combustion engine is in a transition operation state.
SOLUTION: An ignition timing control device comprises a fuel injection means for injecting fuel into cylinders of the internal combustion engine, a means (S102) for determining a basic fuel injection quantity and basic fuel injection timing according to the operation state of the internal combustion engine, a means (S107) for determining the target ignition timing according to the operation state of the internal combustion engine, means (S103, S104, S105, S106) for calculating estimation ignition timing based on estimated values of cylinder pressure and cylinder temperature at the basic fuel injection timing and means (S108, S109, S110) for correcting the basic fuel injection timing to eliminate a difference between the estimated ignition timing and the target ignition timing when the difference is larger than a predetermined threshold, and injects fuel at the corrected fuel injection timing.
COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：即使当内燃机处于过渡操作状态时，提供用于将喷射燃料的点火正时精确地控制到目标点火正时的技术。解决方案：点火正时控制装置包括用于将燃料喷射到内燃机的气缸中的燃料喷射装置，用于根据操作状态确定基本燃料喷射量和基本燃料喷射正时的装置（S102）内燃机，用于根据内燃机的运转状态确定目标点火正时的装置（S107），基于汽缸压力和气缸的估计值计算估计点火正时的装置（S103，S104，S105，S106）基准燃料喷射正时的温度和用于校正基本燃料喷射正时的装置（S108，S109，S110），以消除当差大于预定阈值时的估计点火正时和目标点火正时之间的差，并且喷射燃料在校正燃料喷射正时。版权所有（C）2008，JPO＆INPIT

79. 发明专利

JP2007292028A Exhaust gas recirculation device for internal combustion engine 有权
标题翻译：用于内燃机的排气回收装置
公开(公告)号：JP2007292028A
公开(公告)日：2007-11-08
申请号：JP2006123323
申请日：2006-04-27
申请人： Toyota Motor Corp , トヨタ自動車株式会社
发明人： NAGAE MASAHIRO , SHIMIZU HAJIME , MURATA HIROKI , NAKAYAMA SHIGEKI , ONISHI TOMOMI
IPC分类号： F02M25/07 , F02B37/00 , F02B37/02 , F02D9/02 , F02D9/04
CPC分类号： Y02T10/121 , Y02T10/144
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide technique for supplying EGR gas from a low pressure EGR passage and EGR gas from a high pressure EGR gas in an appropriate ratio.
SOLUTION: This exhaust gas recirculation device for the internal combustion engine is provided with a turbocharger having a turbine and a compressor; the low pressure EGR passage for recirculating the exhaust gas in the turbine downstream side to the compressor upstream side; the high pressure EGR passage for recirculating the exhaust gas in the turbine upstream side to the compressor downstream side; an EGR ratio determination means S101 for determining the ratio of the EGR gas amount flowing through the low pressure EGR passage and the high pressure passage; clogging determination means S105 and S107 for determining a clogging degree of at least one of an exhaust passage in the upstream side of the low pressure EGR passage and the downstream side of the high pressure EGR passage, the low pressure EGR passage, and an intake passage in the downstream side of the low pressure EGR passage and the upstream side of the high pressure EGR passage; and correction means S106 and S109 for correcting a value determined by the EGR ratio determination means in accordance with the clogging degree.
COPYRIGHT: (C)2008,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：提供从低压EGR通路供给EGR气体和来自高压EGR气体的EGR气体以适当比例提供的技术。解决方案：用于内燃机的这种废气再循环装置设置有具有涡轮机和压缩机的涡轮增压器; 用于将涡轮下游侧的废气再循环到压缩机上游侧的低压EGR通路; 用于将涡轮上游侧的排气再循环到压缩机下游侧的高压EGR通路; 用于确定流过低压EGR通路和高压通道的EGR气体量的比率的EGR率判定单元S101; 用于确定低压EGR通路的上游侧的排气通道和高压EGR通路的下游侧，低压EGR通路和进气通路中的至少一个的堵塞程度的堵塞判定单元S105，S107 在低压EGR通路的下游侧和高压EGR通路的上游侧; 以及用于根据堵塞程度校正由EGR率确定装置确定的值的校正装置S106和S109。版权所有（C）2008，JPO＆INPIT

80. 发明专利

JP2007247487A Nonuniformity degree acquiring device of air-fuel mixture of internal combustion engine and air-fuel mixture state acquiring device 有权
标题翻译：内燃机空燃机混合装置的非均质度取得装置的空燃混合状态
公开(公告)号：JP2007247487A
公开(公告)日：2007-09-27
申请号：JP2006070396
申请日：2006-03-15
申请人： Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc , Toyota Motor Corp , トヨタ自動車株式会社 , 株式会社豊田中央研究所
发明人： INAGAKI KAZUHISA , UEDA MATSUE , IBUKI TAKU , NAKAYAMA SHIGEKI
IPC分类号： F02D45/00 , F02D41/02
摘要： PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a nonuniformity degree acquiring device of an air-fuel mixture of an internal combustion engine, capable of accurately acquiring a nonuniformity degree of the fuel concentration in an air-fuel mixture by a relatively simple calculation. SOLUTION: In this device, the air-fuel mixture is assumed as a spherical gas mass aggregate different in a fuel mass percentage. On and after when starting fuel injection, "collision reaction" is performed in order on the whole of optional two combinations among a gas mass existing at that time every time when very small time Δt passes. Thus, the mass distribution of the gas mass in the air-fuel mixture is acquired and updated with every very small time Δt, and a nonuniformity degree of the air-fuel mixture is acquired and updated. "The collision reaction" means "reaction becoming a part or the whole of the other gas mass having a fuel mass percentage different from the fuel mass percentage of the two gas masses, by respectively separating mixed respective parts from a corresponding gas mass, by mixing the respective parts of the two gas masses collided by a collision of the two gas masses different in the fuel mass percentage". COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT
摘要翻译：要解决的问题：提供一种能够通过相对简单的计算精确获取空气 - 燃料混合物中的燃料浓度的不均匀度的内燃机的空气燃料混合物的不均匀度获取装置。解决方案：在该装置中，空气 - 燃料混合物被认为是燃料质量百分比不同的球形气体质量集合体。在启动燃油喷射时，在碰撞反应中，按照当时非常小的时间Δt通过时，在当时存在的气体中的整体可选的两种组合的顺序进行“碰撞反应”。因此，每隔非常小的时间Δt获取并更新空气 - 燃料混合物中的气体质量的质量分布，并且获得并更新空气 - 燃料混合物的不均匀度。 “碰撞反应”是指“通过将混合的各部分与相应的气体质量分开分离，将反应成为具有与两个气体质量的燃料质量百分比不同的燃料质量百分比的另一个气体的一部分或全部两个气体块的相应部分通过燃料质量百分比不同的两个气体块的碰撞而相撞。版权所有（C）2007，JPO＆INPIT

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