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11. 发明授权

US5727210A Fault tolerant load management system and method 失效
标题翻译：容错负载管理系统及方法
公开(公告)号：US5727210A
公开(公告)日：1998-03-10
申请号：US507745
申请日：1995-07-26
申请人： Cynthia Dwork , Joseph Y. Halpern , Hovey R. Strong, Jr.
发明人： Cynthia Dwork , Joseph Y. Halpern , Hovey R. Strong, Jr.
IPC分类号： G06F11/00 , G06F11/20
CPC分类号： G06F11/2023 , G06F11/1425 , G06F11/2035
摘要： A method and apparatus are disclosed for managing tasks in a network of processors. After a period of time has elapsed, during which the processors of the network have been executing tasks allocated to them, the processors exchange views as to which pending tasks have or have not been completed. The processors reach a consensus as to the overall state of completion of the pending tasks. In a preferred embodiment, the processors exchange views and update their views based on the views received from the other processors. A predetermined condition determines that a consensus has been reached. The predetermined condition is preferably two sets of exchanges in which a processor has received messages from the same set of other processors. Alternatively, the condition is an exchange which does not result in any updates to a processor's view. A processor which has not sent a view as part of an exchange is deemed to have crashed, and the tasks previously allocated to crashed processors are assumed not to have been completed. All pending tasks including those previously allocated but not completed, are then allocated. Preferably, allocation is based on an estimation that approximately the same time will be required for each processor to complete its allocated tasks. Based on this estimation, a time is scheduled for the next exchange of views, and the processors then resume executing their allocated tasks.
摘要翻译：公开了用于管理处理器网络中的任务的方法和装置。在经过一段时间之后，网络的处理器在此期间已经执行分配给他们的任务，处理器交换关于哪些挂起的任务已经或尚未完成的视图。处理器对待处理任务的完成状态达成共识。在优选实施例中，处理器基于从其他处理器接收的视图来交换视图并更新其视图。预定条件确定已达成一致。预定条件优选地是两组交换机，其中处理器已经从同一组其他处理器接收到消息。或者，条件是不会导致处理器视图的任何更新的交换。没有发送视图作为交换的一部分的处理器被认为已经崩溃，并且以前分配给崩溃的处理器的任务被假定为未完成。然后分配所有挂起的任务，包括先前分配但未完成的任务。优选地，分配基于估计，每个处理器将需要大约相同的时间来完成其分配的任务。基于该估计，为下一次交换视图安排时间，然后处理器继续执行其分配的任务。

12. 发明授权

US5161186A System for secure and private communication in a triple-connected network 失效
标题翻译：用于在三网连接网络中进行安全和私有通信的系统
公开(公告)号：US5161186A
公开(公告)日：1992-11-03
申请号：US756276
申请日：1991-09-06
申请人： Danny Dolev , Cynthia Dwork
发明人： Danny Dolev , Cynthia Dwork
IPC分类号： H04L1/22 , H04L9/00
CPC分类号： H04L1/22 , H04L9/004
摘要： An apparatus and method for secure and private communications in a triple-connected processor network. Communication of a message over at least three data paths is achieved by transmitting the message in coded form over the data paths, determining whether the message is correctly received, and if the message is not correctly received, identifying a non-faulty data path, testing remaining data paths to identify a faulty data path, and transmitting the message in coded form over remaining non-faulty data paths.
摘要翻译：一种用于三连接处理器网络中的安全和私有通信的装置和方法。通过在数据路径上以编码形式发送消息，确定消息是否被正确接收以及消息是否被正确接收，识别无故障数据路径，测试剩余数据路径来识别有故障的数据路径，并且通过剩余的非故障数据路径以编码形式发送消息。

13. 发明授权

US08005821B2 Noise in secure function evaluation 有权
标题翻译：安全功能评估中的噪声
公开(公告)号：US08005821B2
公开(公告)日：2011-08-23
申请号：US11244800
申请日：2005-10-06
申请人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank D. McSherry
发明人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank D. McSherry
IPC分类号： G06F7/00 , G06F17/30 , G06F17/00 , G06F3/00
CPC分类号： G06F21/6254
摘要： Systems and methods for injecting noise into secure function evaluation to protect the privacy of the participants and for computing a collective noisy result by combining results and noise generated based on input from the participants. When implemented using distributed computing devices, each device may have access to a subset of data. A query may be distributed to the devices, and each device applies the query to its own subset of data to obtain a subset result. Each device then divides its subset result into one or more shares, and the shares are combined to form a collective result. The devices may also generate random bits. The random bits may be combined and used to generate noise. The collective result can be combined with the noise to obtain a collective noisy result.
摘要翻译：将噪声注入到安全功能评估中的系统和方法，以保护参与者的隐私，并通过组合基于参与者的输入而产生的结果和噪声来计算集体嘈杂的结果。当使用分布式计算设备实现时，每个设备可以访问数据的子集。查询可以被分发到设备，并且每个设备将查询应用于其自己的数据子集以获得子集结果。然后，每个设备将其子集结果划分为一个或多个股份，并将股份合并形成集体结果。这些设备也可以产生随机位。随机比特可以被组合并用于产生噪声。集体结果可以与噪音结合起来，获得集体嘈杂的结果。

14. 发明授权

US07818335B2 Selective privacy guarantees 有权
标题翻译：选择性隐私保证
公开(公告)号：US07818335B2
公开(公告)日：2010-10-19
申请号：US11316791
申请日：2005-12-22
申请人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank D. McSherry
发明人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank D. McSherry
IPC分类号： G06F17/30 , G06F7/00
CPC分类号： G06F21/6254
摘要： Systems and methods are provided for selectively determining privacy guarantees. For example, a first class of data may be guaranteed a first level of privacy, while other data classes are only guaranteed some lesser level of privacy. An amount of privacy is guaranteed by adding noise values to database query outputs. Noise distributions can be tailored to be appropriate for the particular data in a given database by calculating a “diameter” of the data. When the distribution is based on the diameter of a first class of data, and the diameter measurement does not account for additional data in the database, the result is that query outputs leak information about the additional data.
摘要翻译：提供了系统和方法来选择性地确定隐私保证。例如，第一类数据可以保证第一级隐私，而其他数据类只能保证一些较低级别的隐私。通过向数据库查询输出添加噪声值来保证一定的隐私。通过计算数据的“直径”，噪声分布可以调整为适合给定数据库中的特定数据。当分配是基于第一类数据的直径，并且直径测量不考虑数据库中的附加数据时，结果是查询输出关于附加数据的泄漏信息。

15. 发明授权

US07676454B2 Private clustering and statistical queries while analyzing a large database 有权
标题翻译：在分析大型数据库时进行私有聚类和统计查询
公开(公告)号：US07676454B2
公开(公告)日：2010-03-09
申请号：US11069116
申请日：2005-03-01
申请人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank David McSherry , Yaacov Nissim Kobliner , Avrim L. Blum
发明人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank David McSherry , Yaacov Nissim Kobliner , Avrim L. Blum
IPC分类号： G06F7/00 , G06F17/30
CPC分类号： G06F17/30539 , G06F21/6227 , G06F21/6245 , Y10S707/99933
摘要： A database has a plurality of entries and a plurality of attributes common to each entry, where each entry corresponds to an individual. A query is received from a querying entity query and is passed to the database, and an answer is received in response. An amount of noise is generated and added to the answer to result in an obscured answer, and the obscured answer is returned to the querying entity. The noise is normally distributed around zero with a particular variance. The variance R may be determined in accordance with R>8 T log2(T/δ)/ε2, where T is the permitted number of queries T, δ is the utter failure probability, and ε is the largest admissible increase in confidence. Thus, a level of protection of privacy is provided to each individual represented within the database. Example noise generation techniques, systems, and methods may be used for privacy preservation in such areas as k means, principal component analysis, statistical query learning models, and perceptron algorithms.
摘要翻译：数据库具有多个条目和对每个条目共同的多个属性，其中每个条目对应于个人。从查询实体查询中接收到查询，并将其传递给数据库，并接收答复。产生噪声量并将其加到答案中，导致模糊的答案，并将隐藏的答案返回给查询实体。噪声通常分布在零附近，具有特定的差异。方差R可以根据R> 8 T log2（T /δ）/＆egr; 2确定，其中T是允许的查询数T，δ是全失效概率，＆egr; 是信心最大的允许增加。因此，对数据库中表示的每个个体提供了一个隐私保护级别。噪声生成技术，系统和方法的示例可以用于k意味着，主成分分析，统计查询学习模型和感知器算法等领域的隐私保护。

16. 发明授权

US07562071B2 Exponential noise distribution to optimize database privacy and output utility 有权
标题翻译：指数噪声分布，优化数据库隐私和输出效用
公开(公告)号：US07562071B2
公开(公告)日：2009-07-14
申请号：US11292884
申请日：2005-12-02
申请人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank D. McSherry
发明人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank D. McSherry
IPC分类号： G06F17/30
CPC分类号： G06F17/30533 , G06F21/6227 , G06F21/6245 , Y10S707/99933 , Y10S707/99934
摘要： An amount of noise to add to a query output may be selected to preserve privacy of inputs while maximizing utility of the released output. Noise values can be distributed according to a substantially symmetric exponential density function (“exponential distribution”). That is, the most likely noise value can be zero, and noise values of increasing absolute value can decrease in probability according to the exponential function.
摘要翻译：可以选择添加到查询输出的噪声量以保持输入的隐私，同时最大化释放的输出的效用。噪声值可以根据大致对称的指数密度函数（“指数分布”）分布。也就是说，最可能的噪声值可以为零，并且根据指数函数，增加的绝对值的噪声值可以以概率降低。

17. 发明申请

US20070136027A1 Noisy histograms 失效
标题翻译：嘈杂直方图
公开(公告)号：US20070136027A1
公开(公告)日：2007-06-14
申请号：US11298563
申请日：2005-12-09
申请人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank McSherry
发明人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank McSherry
IPC分类号： G06F19/00
CPC分类号： G06F17/30533 , G06F21/6245
摘要： A histogram can be generated and displayed with noisy category values, where the noise values are selected from a noise distribution that is calculated using a histogram diameter. The noise values are combined with histogram category values, thereby producing noisy histogram category values that do not reveal information about the contributors.
摘要翻译：可以生成和显示具有噪声类别值的直方图，其中噪声值是从使用直方图直径计算的噪声分布中选择的。噪声值与直方图类别值组合，从而产生不显示关于贡献者的信息的噪声直方图类别值。

18. 发明申请

US20070124268A1 Data diameter privacy policies 有权
标题翻译：数据直径隐私政策
公开(公告)号：US20070124268A1
公开(公告)日：2007-05-31
申请号：US11291131
申请日：2005-11-30
申请人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank McSherry
发明人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank McSherry
IPC分类号： G06F17/30
CPC分类号： G06F21/6245 , G06F21/6227 , G06Q30/02 , G06Q50/22 , G06Q50/26 , Y10S707/99933 , Y10S707/99936
摘要： Privacy of data can be preserved while utility of the output is maximized by selecting from an appropriately calculated distribution of noise values to add to an output. A distribution that includes a high likelihood of large noise values may lead to less useful output data. Conversely, a distribution that includes very low likelihood of large noise values may lead to less privacy. A distribution should be calculated to provide an appropriate level of output utility and privacy based on the query that is performed and the desired privacy level.
摘要翻译：可以通过从适当计算的噪声值分布中选择输出来最大化输出效用，从而保留数据的隐私。包含高噪声值的高可能性的分布可能导致较少有用的输出数据。相反，包含极低噪声值可能性很低的分布可能导致较少的隐私。应该计算分配，以根据所执行的查询和期望的隐私级别提供适当的输出效用和隐私级别。

19. 发明申请

US20060200431A1 Private clustering and statistical queries while analyzing a large database 有权
标题翻译：在分析大型数据库时进行私有聚类和统计查询
公开(公告)号：US20060200431A1
公开(公告)日：2006-09-07
申请号：US11069116
申请日：2005-03-01
申请人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank McSherry , Yaacov Nissim Kobliner , Avrim Blum
发明人： Cynthia Dwork , Frank McSherry , Yaacov Nissim Kobliner , Avrim Blum
IPC分类号： G06F15/18
CPC分类号： G06F17/30539 , G06F21/6227 , G06F21/6245 , Y10S707/99933
摘要： A database has a plurality of entries and a plurality of attributes common to each entry, where each entry corresponds to an individual. A query is received from a querying entity query and is passed to the database, and an answer is received in response. An amount of noise is generated and added to the answer to result in an obscured answer, and the obscured answer is returned to the querying entity. The noise is normally distributed around zero with a particular variance. The variance R may be determined in accordance with R>8 T log2(T/δ)/ε2, where T is the permitted number of queries T, δ is the utter failure probability, and ε is the largest admissible increase in confidence. Thus, a level of protection of privacy is provided to each individual represented within the database. Example noise generation techniques, systems, and methods may be used for privacy preservation in such areas as k means, principal component analysis, statistical query learning models, and perceptron algorithms.
摘要翻译：数据库具有多个条目和对每个条目共同的多个属性，其中每个条目对应于个人。从查询实体查询中接收到查询，并将其传递给数据库，并接收答复。产生噪声量并将其加到答案中，导致模糊的答案，并将隐藏的答案返回给查询实体。噪声通常分布在零附近，具有特定的差异。方差R可以根据R> 8 T log 2（T / delta）/ε2> 2确定，其中T是允许的查询数T，delta是完全失败概率和ε是置信度最大的允许增加。因此，对数据库中表示的每个个体提供了一个隐私保护级别。噪声生成技术，系统和方法的示例可以用于k意味着，主成分分析，统计查询学习模型和感知器算法等领域的隐私保护。

20. 发明授权

US5682470A Method and system for achieving collective consistency in detecting failures in a distributed computing system 失效
标题翻译：在分布式计算系统中实现检测故障的集体一致性的方法和系统
公开(公告)号：US5682470A
公开(公告)日：1997-10-28
申请号：US522651
申请日：1995-09-01
申请人： Cynthia Dwork , Ching-Tien Ho , Hovey Raymond Strong, Jr.
发明人： Cynthia Dwork , Ching-Tien Ho , Hovey Raymond Strong, Jr.
IPC分类号： G06F11/00 , G06F11/18
CPC分类号： G06F11/1482 , G06F11/1425
摘要： A method and apparatus are disclosed for achieving collective consistency in the detection and reporting of failures in a distributed computing system having multiple processors. Each processor is capable of being called by a parallel application for system status. Initially, each processor sends the other processors its view on the status of the processors. It then waits for similar views from other processors except those regarded as failed in its own view. If the received views are identical to the view of the processor, the processor returns its view to the parallel application. In a preferred embodiment, if the views are not identical to its view, the processor sets its view to the union of the received views and its current view. The steps are then repeated. Alternately, the steps are repeated if the processor does not have information that each of the processors not regarded as failed in its view forms an identical union view. In another preferred embodiment, the method is terminated if a quorum is not formed by the processors which are not regarded as failed. Alternatively, after sending its view, the processor waits for an exit condition. Depending on the exit condition, the processor sets its view to a quorum view and sends a "DECIDE" message to the other processors. In another embodiment, the processor updates its view and the method steps are repeated.
摘要翻译：公开了一种用于实现具有多个处理器的分布式计算系统中的故障的检测和报告中的集体一致性的方法和装置。每个处理器能够被并行应用程序调用用于系统状态。最初，每个处理器将处理器的状态发送到其他处理器。然后它等待来自其他处理器的类似视图，除了被视为在自己的视图中失败的视图。如果接收到的视图与处理器的视图相同，则处理器将其视图返回到并行应用程序。在优选实施例中，如果视图与其视图不同，则处理器将其视图设置为所接收的视图及其当前视图的并集。然后重复步骤。或者，如果处理器不具有在其视图中被认为不成功的每个处理器形成相同的联合视图的信息，则重复这些步骤。在另一个优选实施例中，如果不被认为是失败的处理器形成法定人数，则终止该方法。或者，在发送视图之后，处理器等待退出条件。根据退出条件，处理器将其视图设置为法定视图，并向其他处理器发送“决定”消息。在另一个实施例中，处理器更新其视图，并重复方法步骤。

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