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    • 14. 发明授权
    • Process and apparatus for determining ratio of fluid components such as methanol and water for reforming feed
    • 用于确定重整进料的流体组分如甲醇和水的比例的方法和装置
    • US06690180B2
    • 2004-02-10
    • US09855315
    • 2001-05-15
    • Robert N. SchwartzPaul O. BraatzKevin W. Kirby
    • Robert N. SchwartzPaul O. BraatzKevin W. Kirby
    • G01R2726
    • H01M8/04089G01N27/221H01M8/04194
    • A method and sensor for determining the ratio of two components in a fluid mixture comprising a test cell in open communication with the fluid mixture and a reference cell containing a desired fluid mixture not in contact with the fluid mixture being tested, said reference and test cells having the same cell geometry. By use of a capacitance divider system, one determines the relative capacitances of said cells correlated with the dielectric constants of the respective fluid mixtures and ascertains the ratio of one component to the other component in the fluid mixture on the basis of the linear and monotonic correlation between the dielectric constant of the mixture at a given temperature and the ratio of one component to the other component. Preferably a mixture of methanol and water is tested such as for use as a feed to a reformer used in supplying hydrogen to a fuel cell. A fixed capacitor equivalent to the reference cell at a given temperature is usually substituted for the latter.
    • 一种用于确定包含与流体混合物开放连通的测试池的流体混合物中的两种组分的比例的方法和传感器,以及含有不与所测试的流体混合物接触的所需流体混合物的参考池,所述参考和测试池 具有相同的单元几何形状。 通过使用电容分配器系统,可以确定所述电池的相对电容与各流体混合物的介电常数相关,并且基于线性和单调相关性确定流体混合物中的一种组分与另一组分的比例 在给定温度下混合物的介电常数和一种组分与另一组分的比例。 优选地测试甲醇和水的混合物,例如用作用于向燃料电池供应氢气的重整器的进料。 在给定温度下等效于参考电池的固定电容器通常用于后者。
    • 15. 发明授权
    • Double-Schottky diode liquid crystal light valve
    • 双肖特基二极管液晶光阀
    • US4881110A
    • 1989-11-14
    • US194352
    • 1988-05-16
    • Paul O. BraatzUzi Efron
    • Paul O. BraatzUzi Efron
    • G02F1/015G02F1/135G02F1/17
    • G02F1/1354G02F1/015G02F1/17
    • A double Schottky diode light valve (5) includes a liquid crystal (80) for locally modulating a beam (120) by polarization rotation to produce a modulated beam (121), and a photoconductor (40) located adjacent the liquid crystal (80) for receiving and absorbing a second beam (110). The photoconductor (40) controls the polarization responsively to the optical content of the second beam (110). The photoconductor (46) includes a semiconductor substrate and a pair of Schottky diodes (60/40, 30/40) disposed on opposing sides of the substrate. The absorption of the second beam (110) by the substrate (40) produces photogenerated carriers. The pair of Schottky diodes (60/40, 30/40) maintain the substrate (40) substantially depleted of such carriers and also reflects the modulated beam back through the liquid crystal.
    • 双肖特基二极管光阀(5)包括用于通过偏振旋转局部调制光束(120)以产生调制光束(121)的液晶(80)和位于液晶(80)附近的光电导体(40) 用于接收和吸收第二光束(110)。 光电导体(40)响应于第二光束(110)的光学内容来控制极化。 光电导体(46)包括半导体衬底和设置在衬底的相对侧上的一对肖特基二极管(60/40,30/40)。 基板(40)对第二光束(110)的吸收产生光生载流子。 这对肖特基二极管(60/40,30/40)保持了基本上耗尽这种载流子的衬底(40),并且还将经调制的光束反射回液晶。
    • 16. 发明授权
    • Semiconductor diode array liquid crystal device
    • 半导体二极管阵列液晶装置
    • US4228449A
    • 1980-10-14
    • US973513
    • 1978-12-26
    • Paul O. Braatz
    • Paul O. Braatz
    • G02F1/135H01L27/14
    • G02F1/1354
    • There is herein described a device useful to store a frame of low-intensity optical information over a wide spectral range or useful as a real-time light valve in visible to infrared conveter application. The device basically includes either a storage mode liquid crystal or a dynamic scattering or a field-effect liquid crystal, and a semiconductor diode array substrate wherein an insulating film with an array of conducting windows separates the liquid crystal from an active region in the substrate. A separate diffused junction is disposed in the active region adjacent each of the windows, the latter being adapted to both reflect incident light energy and conduct electrical current.
    • 这里描述了一种可用于在宽光谱范围上存储低强度光学信息的帧或者可用于可见到红外线圈计算机应用中的实时光阀的装置。 该装置基本上包括存储模式液晶或动态散射或场效应液晶,以及半导体二极管阵列基板,其中具有导电窗阵列的绝缘膜将液晶与基板中的有源区分离。 在与每个窗口相邻的有源区域中设置单独的扩散结,后者适于反射入射光能并传导电流。
    • 17. 发明授权
    • Infrared transducer and goggles incorporating the same
    • 红外线传感器和护目镜结合在一起
    • US5389788A
    • 1995-02-14
    • US166790
    • 1993-12-13
    • Jan GrinbergRaymond BalcerakChiung-Sheng WuUzi EfronPaul O. Braatz
    • Jan GrinbergRaymond BalcerakChiung-Sheng WuUzi EfronPaul O. Braatz
    • G01J5/04G01J5/20G02F1/135H01L27/146G02F1/136
    • H01L27/146G02B23/125G02F1/1354H04N5/3651H04N5/33
    • An infrared (IR) radiation transducer integrates an IR detector array with a liquid crystal (LC) readout. The IR detector is preferably a pixelized bolometer array, but other detectors such as pyroelectric materials are possible. To modulate the LC in response to detected IR radiation, a modulating section is provided that includes a charge injection structure which injects electrical charge in response to the detected IR radiation, and a charge transfer structure that transfers the injected charge to the LC readout section. During its active phase the charge transfer layer is depleted of majority charge carriers, and the charge injection and transfer mechanism operates in a manner analogous to a bipolar transistor. A visible readout is obtained by directing readout light through the LC, where it is modulated in accordance with the detected IR image. The transducers are small and light weight enough to be incorporated into a pair of goggles, for which no separate cooling is required.
    • 红外(IR)辐射传感器将IR检测器阵列与液晶(LC)读数器集成。 IR检测器优选地是像素化的测辐射热计阵列,但是其他检测器如热电材料也是可能的。 为了响应于检测到的IR辐射来调制LC,提供了调制部分,其包括响应于检测到的IR辐射而注入电荷的电荷注入结构,以及将注入的电荷传送到LC读出部分的电荷转移结构。 在其活性阶段期间,电荷转移层耗尽多数电荷载流子,并且电荷注入和转移机制以类似于双极晶体管的方式工作。 通过将读出光引导通过LC获得可见读出,其中根据检测到的IR图像进行调制。 传感器体积小巧,重量轻,可以并入一副护目镜,不需要单独的冷却。