There is provided a method for estimating a hardness of a cold worked component including: preparing a test piece for hardness measurement having a dent portion of a shape corresponding to a shape of the contact surface of the punch by using a mounting base on which a test piece is mounted and a punch of which a contact surface to be in contact with the test piece is a curved surface, and compressing the test piece mounted on the mounting base using the punch; measuring hardnesses of the test piece for hardness measurement at a plurality of hardness measurement positions in a measurement direction while taking, as the measurement direction, a direction in the dent portion in which a sheet thickness changes; performing numerical analysis to calculate equivalent plastic strains of the test piece for hardness measurement, and acquiring a hardness-equivalent plastic strain curve on the basis of the hardnesses and the equivalent plastic strains at the hardness measurement positions; and specifying a hardness from the calculated value of equivalent plastic strain of an arbitrary part of the cold worked component on the basis of the hardness-equivalent plastic strain curve by performing numerical analysis to calculate a value of equivalent plastic strain of a cold worked component.