The utility model discloses an efficient water sample filtering device. The device comprises a barrel, a water inlet, a water outlet, a water inlet pipeline, a water outlet pipeline, an inner barrel,a middle barrel, an outer barrel, an inner barrel water outlet, a middle barrel water outlet, an outer barrel water outlet, a filter screen, a partition plate, a partition plate water passing hole, aprimary filter layer, a medium filter layer, a high-efficiency filter layer, a blow-off branch pipe, a blow-off main pipe and a water pump, the water inlet is formed in the middle of the top of the cylinder body; wherein the water inlet is connected with a water inlet pipeline, the partition plate is a transverse partition plate and is fixedly installed inside the barrel body, the inner barrel, the middle barrel and the outer barrel are integrally arranged from inside to outside and are arranged in the middle of the top of the partition plate, the inner barrel is correspondingly installed under the water inlet, and the top of the inner barrel is communicated with the water inlet. According to the utility model, large particles and suspended matters in a water sample are effectively removed, the filtering effect is good, the filtering efficiency of the water sample is greatly improved, and the equipment is small in occupied space, wide in application range and convenient to use.