The utility model belongs to the field of specialized robots, in particular to a rail type autonomous mobile robot, which comprises bogies, a base plate, a current collector, travel switches, a holder, a control system, a slide wire and a locating block. The two bogies with the same structure are independent with each other and run on a rail respectively. The slide wire connected with an external power supply is arranged on the rail, and a plurality of groups of locating blocks are symmetrically arranged on two sides of the slide wire. The base plate is respectively connected with the two bogies, the holder and the control system are respectively arranged on the upper surface of the base plate, and the current collector and the travel switches are respectively connected to the lower surface of the base plate. The current collector slides on the slide wire and provides electric power for the robot, the travel switches are arranged on two sides of the current collector, the moving tracks of the travel switches are corresponding to the installing positions of the locating blocks, and the current collector and the travel switches are respectively electrically connected with the control system. The rail type autonomous mobile robot can realize the control of accurate moving and locating on planned rail paths and continuous fixed-spot observation to a plurality of objects.