The invention discloses a device and method for automatically recovering calibration data of an electronic calibration component, belonging to the technical field of testing. The device of the invention comprises a vector network analyzer and an electronic calibration component, wherein the electronic calibration component comprises an ARM microprocessor, a microwave module, a first FLASH chip that is an NAND FLASH 1, a second FLASH chip that is an NAND FLASH 2, a voltage-stabilizing and amplitude-limiting circuit, a first switch and a second switch; and the ARM microprocessor is connected tothe vector network analyzer through a USB connector. According to the scheme of the invention, the voltage-stabilizing and amplitude-limiting circuit is additionally arranged to protect the electroniccalibration component; the method for automatically recovering the calibration data of the electronic calibration component is provided, and the data recovery can be completed by only pressing one switch; and the stability and durability of the electronic calibration component can be enhanced, the economic losses of users of the electronic calibration component can be reduced, and the efficiencyof production and scientific research can be improved.