The invention discloses an in-situ rotating-movement rapid plate-changing system and method for changing a ballastless rail plate. A damaged ballastless rail plate is changed by rotating and moving the rail plate. The in-situ rotating-movement rapid plate-changing method includes the steps of placing the plate-changing system in location, hanging a steel rail, hanging a to-be-changed rail plate, horizontally moving the to-be-changed rail plate to the right, dropping down a left steel rail, rotating and moving the to-be-changed rail plate to the left, storing the to-be-changed plate into a plate storage box, connecting a hanging frame with a new rail plate, rotating and moving the new rail plate out of the plate storage box, rotating and moving the new rail plate to the right, lifting the left steel rail, moving the new rail plate to left, placing the new rail plat in location, recuperating the steel rail and fasteners and evacuating the plate-changing system. The in-situ rotating-movement rapidly plate-changing system and method have the characteristics of being flexible in operation and simple in construction, and rapid changing of single line/double line and curve segment ballastless rail plates can be realized within the skylight time.