The invention provides a bloom-forming cyanobacteria simulation experiment monitoring system. The bloom-forming cyanobacteria simulation experiment monitoring system comprises a culture device, a plurality of imaging devices and a remote monitoring device, wherein the culture device is used for containing bottom sludge which contains cyanobacteria in a dormant period and water of a sampling point; the imaging devices are uniformly arranged on the outside of the side wall of the culture device layer by layer, and are used for shooting growth images of the cyanobacteria positioned in different water layers at different time points; and the remote monitoring device is connected with the imaging devices, and is used for receiving and processing images transmitted by the imaging devices, and acquiring characteristics parameters of cyanobacteria flocculation bodies in the different water layers at the different time points in a water bloom process. The invention further provides a bloom-forming cyanobacteria simulation experiment monitoring method. By the bloom-forming cyanobacteria simulation experiment monitoring system, explosion information of bloom-forming cyanobacteria can be controlled rapidly and comprehensively, and the explosion mechanism can be known.