The invention discloses an efficient rubber V-belt processing system and method and belongs to the technical field of conveying belt processing. The efficient rubber V-belt processing system comprises a rubber layer preparation device, a continuous cladding device, a multifunctional formation integrated cutting device, a V-shaped conveying belt core chamfering device and a vulcanization die-filling and pressurizing device, wherein the rubber layer preparation device is used for mixing raw materials to prepare a rubber layer; the continuous cladding device comprises a cladding base and a continuous cladding unit, and the continuous cladding unit is used for making the rubber layer be clad with a lining, so that a rubber belt is prepared; the multifunctional formation integrated cutting device is used for conducting pressurizing formation on the rubber belt and cutting the rubber belt into a belt blank; the V-shaped conveying belt core chamfering device is used for chamfering and cutting a belt core, so that a V-shaped conveying belt is prepared; and the vulcanization die-filling and pressurizing device is used for pressurizing a die in the vulcanization process. According to the continuous integrated rubber V-belt processing system, integrated forming and cutting of the belt blank are achieved, and the cutting efficiency and cutting precision for the rubber V-belt are improved.