The invention relates to an aerial conductor double-end asynchronous fault ranging method based on an artificial bee colony algorithm. The method is characterized by comprising the following steps of (1) extracting a three-phase voltage current power frequency component between the top end and the bottom end of a line through a differential Fourier algorithm when an asynchronous shortcircuit fault of an aerial conductor occurs; (2) performing symmetric component transformation on the three-phase voltage current power frequency component, and obtaining a three-phase voltage current positive sequence between the top end and the bottom end of a corresponding line; (3) establishing a fault point voltage equation according to the positive sequence in a manner that a fault distance and data asynchronous angle between the top end and the bottom end of the line are unknown quantities; (4) decoupling the fault point voltage equation, and obtaining a fault ranging observation equation set; and (5) and solving the fault ranging observation equation set based on the artificial bee colony algorithm, thereby determining the position of the fault point. Compared with the prior art, the aerial conductor double-end asynchronous fault ranging method has advantages of accurate and effective positioning of the fault point, low computing amount, high applicability, convenient data acquisition, etc.