The invention provides a structural transformer fault diagnosis method based on finite element simulation and field test. The method comprises the following steps: a first step, establishing a transformer finite element model in finite element simulation software; a second step, simulating different structural faults in the transformer finite element model; a third step, resolving main electric parameters in a structural fault model, and establishing a relation of ''structural fault-electric parameter''; a fourth step, establishing a circuit model according to the resolved electric parameters to simulate a corresponding field test result, resolving frequency response curves and short circuit impedance of the transformer at different electric parameters by a simulation circuit model, and establishing a corresponding relationship of ''electric parameter-test result''; and a fifth step, establishing a corresponding relationship of the test result and the structural fault with the electric parameter as a middle variable. By adopting the structural transformer fault diagnosis method provided by the invention, the diagnosis reliability of the structural faults of the transformer is improved, and the problems that the cognition on the test result in inaccurate, and wrong judgment is present and the like in the field test are solved.