The invention provides a carbon dioxide capture system. The carbon dioxide capture system comprises an air blower, an absorption tower, a rich solution pump, a first heat pump system, a second heat pump system, a lean and rich solution heat exchanger, a desorption tower, a reboiler, a carbon dioxide cooler, a gas-liquid separator, a lean solution pump and a lean solution cooler. According to the carbon dioxide capture system provided by the invention, based on the arrangement of the air blower, the absorption tower, the rich solution pump, the first heat pump system, the second heat pump system, the lean and rich solution heat exchanger, the desorption tower, the reboiler, the carbon dioxide cooler, the gas-liquid separator, the lean solution pump and the lean solution cooler, through the repeated heat exchange of the first heat pump system, the second heat pump system and the lean and rich solution heat exchanger, idle residual heat inside the carbon dioxide capture system can be effectively and adequately utilized, the energy loss of the carbon dioxide capture system is lowered, and the energy utilization ratio of the carbon dioxide capture system, the desorption capacity of a rich solution, the reabsorption capacity of a lean solution and the purity of capture of carbon dioxide are improved.