The invention aims to provide a synchronous phase-shifting Fizeau interference device capable of performing real-time high-accuracy measurement on the surface appearance of an object. A synchronous phase-shifting technology is combined with a Fizeau interference method, and the technical problems that the traditional interferometer has low stability and low measurement accuracy and cannot measure objects in real time and the like are solved. The synchronous phase-shifting Fizeau interference device capable of measuring in real time comprises an illumination unit, an interference unit and a synchronous phase-shifting unit. Due to the adoption of a coaxial interference light path, a space-bandwidth product of a charge coupled device (CCD) is fully utilized; and compared with an off-axis light path, the coaxial interference light path has a higher spatial resolution; a flat glass plate in the traditional Fizeau interferometer is replaced by a 1/4 wave plate, so that object light and reference light have orthogonal polarization directions, and the compactness of the structure of the device is kept under the synchronous phase-shifting; and moreover, four phase-shifting interference patterns can be obtained through single exposure, and the real-time property of measurement is realized on the premise of guaranteeing a high spatial resolution.