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1. 发明授权

US5612800A LCLV having photoconductive pedestals each having a cross-sectional area no greater than 5 percent of the area of its respective reflective pad 失效
标题翻译：具有感光基座的LCLV各自具有不大于其相应反射板的面积的5％的横截面积
公开(公告)号：US5612800A
公开(公告)日：1997-03-18
申请号：US333533
申请日：1994-11-02
申请人： Paul O. Braatz , Chiung-Sheng Wu
发明人： Paul O. Braatz , Chiung-Sheng Wu
IPC分类号： G02B26/08 , G02F1/1335 , G02F1/1343 , G02F1/135 , H04N5/74
CPC分类号： G02F1/1354 , G02F1/133526
摘要： A liquid crystal light valve is provided with an array of photoconductive pedestals surrounded by a dielectric matrix material. Metal mirror pads are formed on top of each pedestal to form a high resolution metal matrix mirror, with each pedestal/mirror combination servicing one image pixel. The dielectric matrix forms a potential barrier between the individual photoconductive pedestals which prevents lateral charge migration between pedestals. The metal matrix mirror also shields the underlying photoconductive pedestal from photoactivation by the readout beam. The dielectric matrix material has a lower dielectric constant than the photoconductive pedestals, allowing the impedance of the photoconductive pedestals to match the impedance of the liquid crystal layer with a much thinner layer of photoconductive material than in prior LCLVs using a continuous photoconductive layer. The thinner photoconductive layer results in higher electric fields which improve the LCLV's response time, photodegradation rate, spatial resolution and spectral response.
摘要翻译：液晶光阀设置有由电介质基质材料包围的感光基座的阵列。金属镜垫形成在每个基座的顶部，以形成高分辨率金属矩阵镜，每个基座/镜组合服务于一个图像像素。电介质矩阵在各个感光基座之间形成一个势垒，防止基座之间的横向电荷迁移。金属矩阵镜还屏蔽下面的光导基座，使其不受光读出光束的影响。介质矩阵材料的介电常数低于光导基座，使得光电基座的阻抗与使用连续光电导层的现有LCLV相比，液晶层的阻抗与光电导材料的厚度相比更薄。较薄的光电导层导致更高的电场，这提高了LCLV的响应时间，光降解速率，空间分辨率和光谱响应。

2. 发明授权

US5389788A Infrared transducer and goggles incorporating the same 失效
标题翻译：红外线传感器和护目镜结合在一起
公开(公告)号：US5389788A
公开(公告)日：1995-02-14
申请号：US166790
申请日：1993-12-13
申请人： Jan Grinberg , Raymond Balcerak , Chiung-Sheng Wu , Uzi Efron , Paul O. Braatz
发明人： Jan Grinberg , Raymond Balcerak , Chiung-Sheng Wu , Uzi Efron , Paul O. Braatz
IPC分类号： G01J5/04 , G01J5/20 , G02F1/135 , H01L27/146 , G02F1/136
CPC分类号： H01L27/146 , G02B23/125 , G02F1/1354 , H04N5/3651 , H04N5/33
摘要： An infrared (IR) radiation transducer integrates an IR detector array with a liquid crystal (LC) readout. The IR detector is preferably a pixelized bolometer array, but other detectors such as pyroelectric materials are possible. To modulate the LC in response to detected IR radiation, a modulating section is provided that includes a charge injection structure which injects electrical charge in response to the detected IR radiation, and a charge transfer structure that transfers the injected charge to the LC readout section. During its active phase the charge transfer layer is depleted of majority charge carriers, and the charge injection and transfer mechanism operates in a manner analogous to a bipolar transistor. A visible readout is obtained by directing readout light through the LC, where it is modulated in accordance with the detected IR image. The transducers are small and light weight enough to be incorporated into a pair of goggles, for which no separate cooling is required.
摘要翻译：红外（IR）辐射传感器将IR检测器阵列与液晶（LC）读数器集成。 IR检测器优选地是像素化的测辐射热计阵列，但是其他检测器如热电材料也是可能的。为了响应于检测到的IR辐射来调制LC，提供了调制部分，其包括响应于检测到的IR辐射而注入电荷的电荷注入结构，以及将注入的电荷传送到LC读出部分的电荷转移结构。在其活性阶段期间，电荷转移层耗尽多数电荷载流子，并且电荷注入和转移机制以类似于双极晶体管的方式工作。通过将读出光引导通过LC获得可见读出，其中根据检测到的IR图像进行调制。传感器体积小巧，重量轻，可以并入一副护目镜，不需要单独的冷却。

3. 发明授权

US5010251A Radiation detector array using radiation sensitive bridges 失效
标题翻译：辐射检测器阵列使用辐射敏感桥
公开(公告)号：US5010251A
公开(公告)日：1991-04-23
申请号：US463563
申请日：1990-01-11
申请人： Jan Grinberg , Murray S. Welkowsky , Chiung-Sheng Wu , Paul O. Braatz
发明人： Jan Grinberg , Murray S. Welkowsky , Chiung-Sheng Wu , Paul O. Braatz
IPC分类号： G01J5/10 , G01J5/20 , G01J5/22 , G01J5/52
CPC分类号： G01J5/10 , G01J5/20 , G01J5/22 , G01J5/522
摘要： An infrared (IR) simulator is disclosed in which an array of pixels is defined on an insulative substrate by resistor bridges which contact the substrate at spaced locations and are separated from the substrate, and thereby thermally insulated therefrom, between the contact locations. Semiconductor drive circuits on the substrate enable desired current flows through the resistor bridges in response to input control signals, thereby establishing the appropriate IR radiation from each of the pixels. The drive circuits and also at least some of the electrical lead lines are preferably located under the resistor bridges. A thermal reflector below each bridge shields the drive circuit and reflects radiation to enhance the IR output. The drive circuits employ sample and hold circuits which produce a substantially flicker-free operation, with the resistor bridges being impedance matched with their respective drive circuits. The resistor bridges may be formed by coating insulative base bridges with a resistive layer having the desired properties, and overcoating the resistive layers with a thermally emissive material. The array is preferably formed on a silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) wafer. Arrays of electromagnetic radiation bridge detectors may also be formed, with the bridges having either resistor, thermocouple or Schottky junction constructions.
摘要翻译：公开了一种红外（IR）模拟器，其中像素阵列通过电阻器桥限定在绝缘衬底上，电阻器桥在间隔开的位置处接触衬底，并且在接触位置之间与衬底分离，从而与衬底隔离。衬底上的半导体驱动电路响应于输入控制信号使期望的电流流过电阻器桥，从而从每个像素建立适当的红外辐射。驱动电路以及至少一些电引线优选位于电阻桥下。每个桥下的热反射器屏蔽驱动电路并反射辐射以增强IR输出。驱动电路采用产生基本上无闪烁操作的采样和保持电路，其中电阻器桥与它们各自的驱动电路阻抗匹配。可以通过用具有期望特性的电阻层涂覆绝缘基桥来形成电阻器桥，并用热发射材料覆盖电阻层。阵列优选形成在蓝宝石（SOS）硅晶片上。也可以形成电磁辐射桥接检测器阵列，其中桥具有电阻器，热电偶或肖特基结结构。

4. 发明授权

US4443064A High resolution AC silicon MOS-light-valve substrate 失效
标题翻译：高分辨率交流硅MOS光阀基板
公开(公告)号：US4443064A
公开(公告)日：1984-04-17
申请号：US214930
申请日：1980-12-10
申请人： Jan Grinberg , Michael Waldner , Paul O. Braatz , Alexander D. Jacobson
发明人： Jan Grinberg , Michael Waldner , Paul O. Braatz , Alexander D. Jacobson
IPC分类号： G02F1/135 , G02F1/1362 , G02F1/13
CPC分类号： G02F1/1354 , G02F1/136277
摘要： There is disclosed a single crystal silicon charge storage apparatus suitable for use in an alternating current driven liquid crystal light valve having therein a moderately doped microchannel stop grid. The charge storage medium is made of a high resistivity substrate on which an MOS capacitor is formed having fast photoelectric transient response and capable of operating over a wide frequency range. A doped microgrid structure is formed in one side of the substrate to prevent charge carrier spreading at the silicon-silicon dioxide interface and to provide a focusing electric field for the charge carriers. The signal from the substrate is electrically coupled through high-reflectivity mirrors and light blocking layers to the liquid crystal.
摘要翻译：公开了一种适用于具有适度掺杂的微通道停止栅格的交流驱动液晶光阀的单晶硅电荷存储装置。电荷存储介质由高电阻率基板制成，其上形成具有快速光电瞬态响应并能够在宽频率范围内工作的MOS电容器。在衬底的一侧形成掺杂的微电网结构，以防止电荷载体在硅 - 二氧化硅界面处扩散，并为电荷载体提供聚焦电场。来自基板的信号通过高反射镜和阻光层电耦合到液晶。

5. 发明授权

US4191454A Continuous silicon MOS AC light valve substrate 失效
标题翻译：连续硅MOS交流光阀基板
公开(公告)号：US4191454A
公开(公告)日：1980-03-04
申请号：US949840
申请日：1978-10-10
申请人： Paul O. Braatz , Jan Grinberg , Alexander D. Jacobson , Michael Waldner
发明人： Paul O. Braatz , Jan Grinberg , Alexander D. Jacobson , Michael Waldner
IPC分类号： G02F1/135 , G02F1/1362 , G02F1/13
CPC分类号： G02F1/136277 , G02F1/1354
摘要： There is disclosed a single crystal silicon charge storage apparatus suitable for use in an alternating current driven liquid crystal light valve. The charge storage medium is made of a high resistivity and photosensitive under AC excitation substrate on which an MOS capacitor is formed having fast photoelectric transient response and capable of operating over a wide frequency range. The AC activation provides to a liquid crystal light valve a greatly improved electrochemical stability. Electrically coupled high-reflectivity mirrors and light blocking layers can be used to couple the liquid crystal to the MOS capacitor.
摘要翻译：公开了一种适用于交流驱动液晶光阀的单晶硅电荷存储装置。电荷存储介质由交流激励基板上的高电阻率和感光性构成，其上形成具有快速光电瞬变响应且能够在较宽频率范围内工作的MOS电容器。 AC激活为液晶光阀提供了极大改善的电化学稳定性。可以使用电耦合的高反射镜和遮光层来将液晶耦合到MOS电容器。

6. 发明授权

US4093357A Cermet interface for electro-optical devices 失效
标题翻译：用于电光器件的金属陶瓷接口
公开(公告)号：US4093357A
公开(公告)日：1978-06-06
申请号：US784894
申请日：1977-04-05
申请人： Alexander D. Jacobson , Jan Grinberg , Paul O. Braatz , William P. Bleha, Jr.
发明人： Alexander D. Jacobson , Jan Grinberg , Paul O. Braatz , William P. Bleha, Jr.
IPC分类号： G02F1/135 , G02F1/153 , G02F1/13
CPC分类号： G02F1/135 , G02F1/1533 , G02F2001/1351
摘要： There is disclosed an anisotropically conductive interface comprising a plurality of cermet and dielectric layers for use in electro-optical devices to separate a substrate driver from an electro-optical display medium to prevent display light from affecting the driver. The substrate may be a photosensor, a charge coupled device or other matrix addressing circuitry arrangement. In general the substrate is one which can provide spatially modulated voltage and/or current patterns. The display medium may be a liquid crystal, an electro-chromic, an electro-luminescent material or the like. The interface provides direct current conductivity through the interface, insulative maintenance of the spatial modulation of the signal across the interface, light reflectivity, and high attenuation of transmitted light.
摘要翻译：公开了一种各向异性导电界面，其包括用于电光装置的多个金属陶瓷和电介质层，以将基板驱动器与电光显示介质分离，以防止显示光影响驱动器。衬底可以是光电传感器，电荷耦合器件或其他矩阵寻址电路装置。通常，衬底是可以提供空间调制的电压和/或电流图案的衬底。显示介质可以是液晶，电致铬，电致发光材料等。该接口通过接口提供直流电导率，绝缘维持跨越接口的信号的空间调制，光反射率和透射光的高衰减。

7. 发明授权

US4842376A Double-schottky diode liquid crystal light valve 失效
标题翻译：双肖特基二极管液晶光阀
公开(公告)号：US4842376A
公开(公告)日：1989-06-27
申请号：US758917
申请日：1985-07-25
申请人： Paul O. Braatz , Uzi Efron
发明人： Paul O. Braatz , Uzi Efron
IPC分类号： G02F1/135 , G02F1/136 , G02F1/1365 , H01L31/108 , H01L31/14
CPC分类号： G02F1/1354
摘要： A double Schottky diode light valve (5) includes a liquid crystal (80) for locally modulating a beam (120) by polarization rotation to produce a modulated beam (121), and a photoconductor (40) located adjacent the liquid crystal (80) for receiving and absorbing a second beam (110). The photoconductor (40) controls the polarization responsively to the optical content of the second beam (110). The photoconductor (46) includes a semiconductor substrate and a pair of Schottky diodes (60/40, 30/40) disposed on opposing sides of the substrate. The absorption of the second beam (110) by the substrate (40) produces photogenerated majority carriers. The pair of Schottky diodes (60/40, 30/40) maintain the substrate (40) substantially depleted of such carriers and also reflects the modulated beam back through the liquid crystal.
摘要翻译：双肖特基二极管光阀（5）包括用于通过偏振旋转来局部调制光束（120）以产生调制光束（121）的液晶（80）和位于液晶（80）附近的光电导体（40）用于接收和吸收第二光束（110）。光电导体（40）响应于第二光束（110）的光学内容来控制极化。光电导体（46）包括半导体衬底和设置在衬底的相对侧上的一对肖特基二极管（60/40,30/40）。基板（40）对第二光束（110）的吸收产生光生多数载流子。这对肖特基二极管（60/40,30/40）保持了基本上耗尽这种载流子的衬底（40），并且还将经调制的光束反射回液晶。

8. 发明授权

US4198647A High resolution continuously distributed silicon photodiode substrate 失效
标题翻译：高分辨率连续分布硅光电二极管基板
公开(公告)号：US4198647A
公开(公告)日：1980-04-15
申请号：US4107
申请日：1979-01-17
申请人： Jan Grinberg , Alexander D. Jacobson , William P. Bleha, Jr. , Paul O. Braatz
发明人： Jan Grinberg , Alexander D. Jacobson , William P. Bleha, Jr. , Paul O. Braatz
IPC分类号： G02F1/135 , H01L27/14
CPC分类号： G02F1/1354
摘要： This invention is directed to a semiconductor structure that includes at least one wafer that is fully depleted of all mobile carriers and is used as a medium for the movement of spatially modulated signal represented by charge carriers through the wafer with a spatial resolution that is smaller than the thickness of the wafer. This may be used in the form of a continuous high resolution silicon photodiode substrate to serve as an image input means for an electro-optical display medium, such as a liquid crystal. Next to the photoactivated substrate is a liquid crystal and next to the crystal is a transparent electrode. The photodiode is reverse biased and both of its sides are depleted of all mobile charges throughout its entire thickness. Thus, charges generated in the substrate move to the display not by diffusion as in prior art devices (e.g. the solid state silicon vidicon) but by the influence of the electric field which tends to minimize their lateral spread and thereby achieves a high spatial resolution in spite of the continuous character of this silicon diode device.
摘要翻译：本发明涉及一种半导体结构，该半导体结构包括至少一个完全耗尽所有移动载波的晶片，并且用作用于通过晶片以空间分辨率移动由电荷载体表示的空间调制信号的介质，其空间分辨率小于晶片的厚度。这可以以连续的高分辨率硅光电二极管基板的形式使用，以用作诸如液晶的电光显示介质的图像输入装置。在光活化基板的旁边是液晶，并且在晶体旁边是透明电极。光电二极管是反向偏置的，并且其两侧在整个厚度上都耗尽所有移动电荷。因此，在现有技术的装置（例如，固态硅摄像机）中，在衬底中产生的电荷不会像扩散一样移动到显示器上，而是通过电场的影响，使得它们的横向扩展趋于最小化，从而实现高空间分辨率尽管这种硅二极管器件具有连续的特性。

9. 发明授权

US4191452A AC silicon PN junction photodiode light-valve substrate 失效
标题翻译：交流硅PN结光电二极管光阀基板
公开(公告)号：US4191452A
公开(公告)日：1980-03-04
申请号：US865281
申请日：1977-12-28
申请人： Jan Grinberg , Paul O. Braatz , Michael Waldner , Alexander D. Jacobson
发明人： Jan Grinberg , Paul O. Braatz , Michael Waldner , Alexander D. Jacobson
IPC分类号： G09G3/18 , G02F1/133 , G02F1/135 , G02F1/136 , G02F1/1362 , G02F1/1365 , G09F9/30 , H01L29/768 , H01L31/14 , H04N5/74
CPC分类号： H01L29/76833 , G02F1/135 , G02F1/136277
摘要： There is disclosed a single crystal silicon charge storage apparatus suitable for use in an alternating current driven liquid crystal light valve having therein a PIN photodiode structure. The charge storage medium is made of a high resistivity substrate on which an MOS capacitor is formed having fast photoelectric transient response an capable of operating over a wide frequency range. A PIN photodiode structure is provided on one side of the substrate next to the MOS capacitor to deplete the substrate of its mobile charge carriers during a portion of the AC cycle and to collect the electric field-guided signal representing charge carriers that are generated or introduced into the substrate by an input mechanism. The signal from the substrate is electrically coupled through high-reflectivity mirrors and light blocking layers to the liquid crystal.
摘要翻译：公开了一种适用于具有PIN光电二极管结构的交流驱动液晶光阀的单晶硅电荷存储装置。电荷存储介质由其上形成有能够在宽频率范围内工作的快速光电瞬变响应的MOS电容器的高电阻率衬底制成。在MOS电容器旁边的基板的一侧设置PIN光电二极管结构，以在AC周期的一部分期间消耗其移动电荷载流子的基板，并且收集表示产生或引入的电荷载流子的电场引导信号通过输入机构进入基板。来自基板的信号通过高反射镜和阻光层电耦合到液晶。

10. 发明授权

US06690180B2 Process and apparatus for determining ratio of fluid components such as methanol and water for reforming feed 失效
标题翻译：用于确定重整进料的流体组分如甲醇和水的比例的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US06690180B2
公开(公告)日：2004-02-10
申请号：US09855315
申请日：2001-05-15
申请人： Robert N. Schwartz , Paul O. Braatz , Kevin W. Kirby
发明人： Robert N. Schwartz , Paul O. Braatz , Kevin W. Kirby
IPC分类号： G01R2726
CPC分类号： H01M8/04089 , G01N27/221 , H01M8/04194
摘要： A method and sensor for determining the ratio of two components in a fluid mixture comprising a test cell in open communication with the fluid mixture and a reference cell containing a desired fluid mixture not in contact with the fluid mixture being tested, said reference and test cells having the same cell geometry. By use of a capacitance divider system, one determines the relative capacitances of said cells correlated with the dielectric constants of the respective fluid mixtures and ascertains the ratio of one component to the other component in the fluid mixture on the basis of the linear and monotonic correlation between the dielectric constant of the mixture at a given temperature and the ratio of one component to the other component. Preferably a mixture of methanol and water is tested such as for use as a feed to a reformer used in supplying hydrogen to a fuel cell. A fixed capacitor equivalent to the reference cell at a given temperature is usually substituted for the latter.
摘要翻译：一种用于确定包含与流体混合物开放连通的测试池的流体混合物中的两种组分的比例的方法和传感器，以及含有不与所测试的流体混合物接触的所需流体混合物的参考池，所述参考和测试池具有相同的单元几何形状。通过使用电容分配器系统，可以确定所述电池的相对电容与各流体混合物的介电常数相关，并且基于线性和单调相关性确定流体混合物中的一种组分与另一组分的比例在给定温度下混合物的介电常数和一种组分与另一组分的比例。优选地测试甲醇和水的混合物，例如用作用于向燃料电池供应氢气的重整器的进料。在给定温度下等效于参考电池的固定电容器通常用于后者。

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