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41. 发明授权

US08286695B2 Insert and method for reducing fouling in a process stream 有权
标题翻译：用于减少工艺流中结垢的插入物和方法
公开(公告)号：US08286695B2
公开(公告)日：2012-10-16
申请号：US11641751
申请日：2006-12-20
申请人： Mark A. Greaney , James E. Feather , Thomas Bruno , ChangMin Chun , Clifford Hay
发明人： Mark A. Greaney , James E. Feather , Thomas Bruno , ChangMin Chun , Clifford Hay
IPC分类号： F28F19/00 , F28F13/18
CPC分类号： F28D7/16 , C10G9/203 , C10G2300/4075 , F28D2021/0059 , F28F19/00 , F28F19/002 , F28F19/02 , F28F19/06 , F28F21/082 , F28F21/083 , F28F25/08 , F28G7/00 , Y10T428/12549 , Y10T428/1259
摘要： An insert for reducing sulfidation corrosion and depositional fouling is disclosed. The insert is formed from a corrosion and fouling resistant steel composition containing a Cr-enriched layer and having a surface roughness of less than 40 micro inches (1.1 μm).
摘要翻译：公开了一种用于减少硫化腐蚀和沉积污垢的插入物。该插入件由含有富Cr层并具有小于40微英寸（1.1μm）的表面粗糙度的耐腐蚀和防污钢组合物形成。

42. 发明授权

US08029914B2 High performance coated material with improved metal dusting corrosion resistance 有权
标题翻译：高性能涂层材料具有改善的金属除尘耐腐蚀性
公开(公告)号：US08029914B2
公开(公告)日：2011-10-04
申请号：US11827013
申请日：2007-07-10
申请人： Kenneth E. Bagnoli , G. Phillip Anderson , Trikur A. Ramanarayanan , ChangMin Chun
发明人： Kenneth E. Bagnoli , G. Phillip Anderson , Trikur A. Ramanarayanan , ChangMin Chun
IPC分类号： B32B15/04 , B32B15/20 , B05D3/02 , B05D3/06
CPC分类号： C23C8/16 , C23C4/073 , C23C4/18 , Y10T428/1259 , Y10T428/12618 , Y10T428/12944 , Y10T428/24967 , Y10T428/26 , Y10T428/263 , Y10T428/265
摘要： High performance coated metal compositions resistant to metal dusting corrosion and methods of providing such compositions are provided by the present invention. The coated metal compositions are represented by the structure (PQR), wherein P is an oxide layer at the surface of (PQR), Q is a coating metal layer interposed between P and R, and R is a base metal. P includes alumina, chromia, silica, mullite or mixtures thereof. Q includes Ni and Al, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cr, Si, Mn, Fe, Co, B, C, N, P, Ga, Ge, As, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, Sc, La, Y, Ce, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and mixtures thereof. R is selected from the group consisting of carbon steels, low chromium steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenetic stainless steels, duplex stainless steels, Inconel alloys, Incoloy alloys, Fe—Ni based alloys, Ni-based alloys and Co-based alloys. Advantages exhibited by the disclosed coated metal compositions include improved metal dusting corrosion resistance at high temperatures in carbon-supersaturated environments having relatively low oxygen partial pressures. The coated metal compositions are suitable for use in syngas generation process equipment.
摘要翻译：通过本发明提供了耐金属粉尘腐蚀的高性能涂覆金属组合物和提供这种组合物的方法。涂覆的金属组合物由结构（PQR）表示，其中P是（PQR）表面处的氧化物层，Q是介于P和R之间的涂层金属层，R是贱金属。 P包括氧化铝，氧化铬，二氧化硅，莫来石或其混合物。 Q包括Ni和Al，以及选自Cr，Si，Mn，Fe，Co，B，C，N，P，Ga，Ge，As，In，Sn，Sb，Pb，Sc中的至少一种元素，La，Y，Ce，Ti，Zr，Hf，V，Nb，Ta，Mo，W，Ru，Rh，Ir，Pd，Pt，Cu，Ag，Au及其混合物。 R选自碳钢，低铬钢，铁素体不锈钢，奥氏体不锈钢，双相不锈钢，Inconel合金，Incoloy合金，Fe-Ni基合金，Ni基合金和Co基合金。所公开的涂覆的金属组合物显示的优点包括在具有相对低的氧分压的碳过饱和环境中在高温下提高的金属粉尘耐腐蚀性。涂覆的金属组合物适用于合成气生成工艺设备。

43. 发明申请

US20110120853A1 Porous Pyrolysis Reactor Materials And Methods 有权
标题翻译：多孔热解反应堆材料与方法
公开(公告)号：US20110120853A1
公开(公告)日：2011-05-26
申请号：US12623046
申请日：2009-11-20
申请人： ChangMin Chun , Frank Hershkowitz , Paul F. Keusenkothen , Shiun Ling , Gary David Mohr
发明人： ChangMin Chun , Frank Hershkowitz , Paul F. Keusenkothen , Shiun Ling , Gary David Mohr
IPC分类号： C10G9/00 , C10B29/00 , C10B57/16
CPC分类号： C10G9/203 , C10G9/16 , C10G2300/4075
摘要： In one aspect, the invention includes a reactor apparatus for pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock, said apparatus including: a reactor component comprising a refractory material in oxide form, the refractory material having a melting point of no less than 2060° C. and which remains in oxide form when exposed to a gas having carbon partial pressure of 10−22 bar and oxygen partial pressure of 10−10 bar, at a temperature of 1200° C.; wherein said refractory material has no less than 4 vol % formed porosity, measured at 20° C., based upon the bulk volume of said refractory material. In another embodiment, the refractory material has total porosity in the range of from 4 to 60 vol %.
摘要翻译：在一个方面，本发明包括用于热解烃原料的反应器装置，所述装置包括：反应器组件，其包含氧化物形式的耐火材料，耐火材料的熔点不低于2060℃，并保持在在1200℃的温度下暴露于碳分压为10-22巴，氧气分压为10-10巴的气体时，氧化物形式。其中所述耐火材料具有基于所述耐火材料的体积体积在20℃下测量的不少于4体积％的孔隙率。在另一个实施方案中，耐火材料具有4至60体积％的总孔隙率。

44. 发明申请

US20080020216A1 High performance coated material with improved metal dusting corrosion resistance 有权
标题翻译：高性能涂层材料具有改善的金属除尘耐腐蚀性
公开(公告)号：US20080020216A1
公开(公告)日：2008-01-24
申请号：US11827013
申请日：2007-07-10
申请人： Kenneth Bagnoli , G. Anderson , Trikur Ramanarayanan , ChangMin Chun
发明人： Kenneth Bagnoli , G. Anderson , Trikur Ramanarayanan , ChangMin Chun
IPC分类号： B32B15/04 , C23C16/00 , C23C4/06
CPC分类号： C23C8/16 , C23C4/073 , C23C4/18 , Y10T428/1259 , Y10T428/12618 , Y10T428/12944 , Y10T428/24967 , Y10T428/26 , Y10T428/263 , Y10T428/265
摘要： High performance coated metal compositions resistant to metal dusting corrosion and methods of providing such compositions are provided by the present invention. The coated metal compositions are represented by the structure (PQR), wherein P is an oxide layer at the surface of (PQR), Q is a coating metal layer interposed between P and R, and R is a base metal. P includes alumina, chromia, silica, mullite or mixtures thereof. Q includes Ni and Al, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cr, Si, Mn, Fe, Co, B, C, N, P, Ga, Ge, As, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, Sc, La, Y, Ce, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and mixtures thereof. R is selected from the group consisting of carbon steels, low chromium steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenetic stainless steels, duplex stainless steels, Inconel alloys, Incoloy alloys, Fe—Ni based alloys, Ni-based alloys and Co-based alloys. Advantages exhibited by the disclosed coated metal compositions include improved metal dusting corrosion resistance at high temperatures in carbon-supersaturated environments having relatively low oxygen partial pressures. The coated metal compositions are suitable for use in syngas generation process equipment.
摘要翻译：通过本发明提供了耐金属粉尘腐蚀的高性能涂覆金属组合物和提供这种组合物的方法。涂覆的金属组合物由结构（PQR）表示，其中P是（PQR）表面处的氧化物层，Q是介于P和R之间的涂层金属层，R是贱金属。 P包括氧化铝，氧化铬，二氧化硅，莫来石或其混合物。 Q包括Ni和Al，以及选自Cr，Si，Mn，Fe，Co，B，C，N，P，Ga，Ge，As，In，Sn，Sb，Pb，Sc中的至少一种元素，La，Y，Ce，Ti，Zr，Hf，V，Nb，Ta，Mo，W，Ru，Rh，Ir，Pd，Pt，Cu，Ag，Au及其混合物。 R选自碳钢，低铬钢，铁素体不锈钢，奥氏体不锈钢，双相不锈钢，Inconel合金，Incoloy合金，Fe-Ni基合金，Ni基合金和Co基合金。所公开的涂覆的金属组合物显示的优点包括在具有相对低的氧分压的碳过饱和环境中在高温下提高的金属粉尘耐腐蚀性。涂覆的金属组合物适用于合成气生成工艺设备。

45. 发明申请

US20070163382A1 ADVANCED EROSION RESISTANT CARBONITRIDE CERMETS 有权
标题翻译：先进的抗腐蚀碳化硅陶瓷
公开(公告)号：US20070163382A1
公开(公告)日：2007-07-19
申请号：US10829820
申请日：2004-04-22
申请人： ChangMin Chun , Narasimha-Rao Bangaru , Hyun-Woo Jin , Jayoung Koo , John Peterson , Robert Antram , Christopher Fowler
发明人： ChangMin Chun , Narasimha-Rao Bangaru , Hyun-Woo Jin , Jayoung Koo , John Peterson , Robert Antram , Christopher Fowler
IPC分类号： C22C29/04
CPC分类号： C23C30/00 , C22C29/04
摘要： The invention includes a cermet composition represented by the formula (PQ)(RS) comprising: a ceramic phase (PQ) and a binder phase (RS) wherein, P is a metal selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Fe, Mn and mixtures thereof, Q is carbonitride, R is a metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Co, Mn and mixtures thereof, S comprises at least one element selected from Cr, Al, Si and Y.
摘要翻译：本发明包括由式（PQ）（RS）表示的金属陶瓷组合物，其包含：陶瓷相（PQ）和粘结相（RS），其中P是选自Ti，Zr，Hf，V ，Nb，Ta，Cr，Mo，W，Fe，Mn及其混合物，Q为碳氮化物，R为选自Fe，Ni，Co，Mn及其混合物的金属，S包含至少一种选自来自Cr，Al，Si和Y.

46. 发明申请

US20140246013A1 HIGH PERFORMANCE FIRED HEATER TUBES 审中-公开
标题翻译：高性能发热管
公开(公告)号：US20140246013A1
公开(公告)日：2014-09-04
申请号：US14277913
申请日：2014-05-15
申请人： ChangMin Chun , David Samuel Deutsch , Mark A. Greaney , James E. Feather
发明人： ChangMin Chun , David Samuel Deutsch , Mark A. Greaney , James E. Feather
IPC分类号： F23C3/00
CPC分类号： F23C3/002 , C23C28/321 , C23C28/322 , C23C28/345 , C23C28/3455
摘要： Fired heater tubes with improved resistance to corrosion and fouling suitable for use in thermal processing units of petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants are fabricated from a bulk alloy of an alumina-forming alloy which is capable of forming a stable oxide film on the surfaces of the tubes. The bulk alloy comprising about 3 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of Al, about 5 wt. % to about 30 wt. % Cr and at least one alloying component selected from Fe, Ni, Co, Si, Mn, B, C, N, P, Ga, Ge, As, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, Sc, La, Y, Ce, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and mixtures of these components.
摘要翻译：适用于石油炼厂和石油化工厂的热处理装置的耐腐蚀和结垢耐腐蚀和结垢的燃烧加热器管由能够在管表面上形成稳定的氧化膜的氧化铝形成合金的大块合金制成。本体合金包含约3wt。％至约20wt。％的Al，约5wt。％至约30wt。％Cr和选自Fe，Ni，Co，Si，Mn，B，C，N，P，Ga，Ge，As，In，Sn，Sb，Pb，Sc，La，Y，Ce中的至少一种合金成分， Ti，Zr，Hf，V，Nb，Ta，Mo，W，Re，Ru，Rh，Ir，Pd，Pt，Cu，Ag，Au以及这些组分的混合物。

47. 发明授权

US08748008B2 High performance coatings and surfaces to mitigate corrosion and fouling in fired heater tubes 失效
标题翻译：高性能涂料和表面，以减轻燃烧加热管中的腐蚀和结垢
公开(公告)号：US08748008B2
公开(公告)日：2014-06-10
申请号：US12480067
申请日：2009-06-08
申请人： ChangMin Chun , Mark A Greaney , Ian A Cody , F. Pierce Hubbard, Jr. , David Samuel Deutsch
发明人： ChangMin Chun , Narasimha-Rao Venkata Bangaru , Mark A Greaney , Ian A Cody , F. Pierce Hubbard, Jr. , David Samuel Deutsch
IPC分类号： B32B15/01 , B32B15/04 , B32B15/18 , B32B15/20 , C23C28/00 , C23C30/00 , F28F1/00 , F28F13/14 , C07F15/00 , F16L9/14
CPC分类号： C23C30/00 , C23C28/321 , C23C28/322 , C23C28/345 , C23C28/3455 , Y10T428/12292 , Y10T428/12479 , Y10T428/1259 , Y10T428/12611 , Y10T428/12618 , Y10T428/1266 , Y10T428/12847 , Y10T428/12937 , Y10T428/12944 , Y10T428/12951 , Y10T428/12993 , Y10T428/13 , Y10T428/264 , Y10T428/265
摘要： A fired heater tube that is resistant to corrosion and fouling is disclosed. The fired heater tube comprises an advantageous high performance coated material composition resistant to corrosion and fouling comprises: (PQR), wherein P is an oxide layer at the surface of (PQR), Q is a coating metal layer interposed between P and R, and R is a base metal layer, wherein P is substantially comprised of alumina, chromia, silica, mullite, spinels, and mixtures thereof, Q comprises Cr, and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Al, Si, Mn, Fe, Co, B, C, N, P, Ga, Ge, As, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, Sc, La, Y, Ce, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo, W, Re, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au and mixtures thereof, and R is selected from the group consisting of low chromium steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenetic stainless steels, duplex stainless steels, Inconel alloys, Incoloy alloys, Fe—Ni based alloys, Ni-based alloys and Co-based alloys.
摘要翻译：公开了一种耐腐蚀和结垢的燃烧加热管。燃烧的加热管包括耐腐蚀和结垢的有利的高性能涂层材料组合物包括：（PQR），其中P是在（PQR）的表面处的氧化物层，Q是介于P和R之间的涂层金属层，以及 R是贱金属层，其中P基本上由氧化铝，氧化铬，二氧化硅，莫来石，尖晶石及其混合物组成，Q包括Cr，以及选自Ni，Al，Si，Mn， Fe，Co，B，C，N，P，Ga，Ge，As，In，Sn，Sb，Pb，Sc，La，Y，Ce，Ti，Zr，Hf，V，Nb，Ta，Mo， Re，Ru，Rh，Ir，Pd，Pt，Cu，Ag，Au及其混合物，R选自低铬钢，铁素体不锈钢，奥氏体不锈钢，双相不锈钢，Inconel合金，Incoloy 合金，Fe-Ni基合金，Ni基合金和Co基合金。

48. 发明申请

US20120097581A1 Alumina Forming Bimetallic Tube for Refinery Process Furnaces and Method of Making and Using 有权
标题翻译：用于精炼厂工艺炉的氧化铝成型双金属管及其制造和使用方法
公开(公告)号：US20120097581A1
公开(公告)日：2012-04-26
申请号：US13271856
申请日：2011-10-12
申请人： ChangMin Chun , D. Samuel Deutsch , Vance A. McCray , James E. Feather
发明人： ChangMin Chun , D. Samuel Deutsch , Vance A. McCray , James E. Feather
IPC分类号： C10G9/16 , F16L9/18 , B23K10/02 , F16L9/02
CPC分类号： F16L9/02 , B01J19/0026 , B01J19/02 , B01J19/2415 , B01J2219/0218 , B01J2219/0236 , B01J2219/0286 , B22F5/106 , B22F7/08 , B23K10/027 , B23K35/0244 , B23K35/3033 , B23K2103/20 , B32B1/08 , B32B15/011 , B32B15/015 , B32B15/18 , B32B15/20 , B32B2307/538 , B32B2307/714 , C10G9/203 , C10G75/00 , C22C19/05 , C22C19/058 , C22C30/00 , C22C30/02 , C22C30/04 , C22C33/0285 , C22C38/02 , C22C38/06 , C22C38/18 , C22C38/22 , C22C38/38 , C22C38/40 , C23C24/103 , C23C28/04
摘要： Provided is a bimetallic tube for transport of hydrocarbon feedstocks in refinery process furnaces, and more particularly in furnace radiant coils, including: i) an outer tube layer being formed from carbon steels or low chromium steels comprising less than 15.0 wt. % Cr based on the total weight of the steel; ii) an inner tube layer being formed from an alumina forming bulk alloy including 5.0 to 10.0 wt. % of Al, 20.0 wt. % to 25.0 wt. % Cr, less than 0.4 wt. % Si, and at least 35.0 wt. % Fe with the balance being Ni, wherein the inner tube layer is formed plasma powder welding the alumina forming bulk alloy on the inner surface of the outer tube layer; and iii) an oxide layer formed on the surface of the inner tube layer, wherein the oxide layer is substantially comprised of alumina, chromia, silica, mullite, spinels, or mixtures thereof.
摘要翻译：本发明提供一种用于在炼油工艺炉中更特别地在炉内辐射盘中输送烃原料的双金属管，包括：i）由低于15.0wt。％的碳钢或低铬钢形成的外管层。基于钢的总重量％Cr; ii）内管层，其由包含5.0至10.0重量％的氧化铝形成块状合金形成。％的Al，20.0wt。％至25.0wt。％Cr，小于0.4wt。％Si，和至少35.0wt。％Fe，余量为Ni，其中内管层形成等离子体粉末，将氧化铝形成体合金焊接在外管层的内表面上; 以及iii）形成在所述内管层的表面上的氧化物层，其中所述氧化物层基本上由氧化铝，氧化铬，二氧化硅，莫来石，尖晶石或其混合物组成。

49. 发明授权

US08037928B2 Chromium-enriched oxide containing material and preoxidation method of making the same to mitigate corrosion and fouling associated with heat transfer components 失效
标题翻译：富含铬的氧化物材料和预氧化方法，以减少与传热组分相关的腐蚀和结垢
公开(公告)号：US08037928B2
公开(公告)日：2011-10-18
申请号：US11641750
申请日：2006-12-20
申请人： ChangMin Chun , Mark A. Greaney , Thomas Bruno , Ian A. Cody , Trikur A. Ramanarayanan
发明人： ChangMin Chun , Mark A. Greaney , Thomas Bruno , Ian A. Cody , Trikur A. Ramanarayanan
IPC分类号： F28F19/00 , F28D7/10
CPC分类号： F28D7/16 , C10G9/203 , C10G2300/4075 , F28D2021/0059 , F28F19/00 , F28F19/002 , F28F19/02 , F28F19/06 , F28F21/082 , F28F21/083 , F28F25/08 , F28G7/00 , Y10T428/12549 , Y10T428/1259
摘要： A heat transfer component that is resistant to corrosion and fouling is disclosed. The heat transfer component includes a heat exchange surface formed from a chromium-enriched oxide containing material formed from the composition δ, ε, and ζ, wherein ζ is a steel containing at least about 5 to about 40 wt. % chromium, ε is a chromium enriched oxide (M3O4 or M2O3 or mixtures thereof) formed on the surface of the steel ζ, wherein M is a metal containing at least 5 wt. % Cr based on the total weight of the metal M, and δ is a top layer formed on the surface of the chromium-enriched oxide ε, comprising sulfide, oxide, oxysulfide, and mixtures thereof. The top layer δ comprises iron sulfide (Fe1-xS), iron oxide (Fe3O4), iron oxysulfide, iron-chromium sulfide, iron-chromium oxide, iron-chromium oxysulfide, and mixtures thereof. The metal M of the chromium enriched oxide (M3O4 or M2O3 or mixtures thereof) may comprise Fe, Cr, and constituting elements of the steel ζ. The steel ζ may be selected from low chromium steels, ferritic stainless steels, martensitic stainless steels, austenitic stainless steels, duplex stainless steels and precipitation-hardenable alloys.
摘要翻译：公开了耐腐蚀和结垢的传热部件。传热组分包括由组合物δ，＆egr和ζ形成的含铬富氧材料形成的热交换表面，其中ζ是含有至少约5至约40重量％％铬，是在钢ζ的表面上形成的富含铬的氧化物（M3O4或M2O3或其混合物），其中M是含有至少5wt。％Cr，基于金属M的总重量，δ是在富含铬的氧化物的表面上形成的顶层，其包含硫化物，氧化物，硫氧化物及其混合物。顶层δ包括硫化铁（Fe1-xS），氧化铁（Fe3O4），硫氧化铁，铁 - 硫化铬，铁 - 铬氧化物，铁 - 硫氧化铬及其混合物。富含铬的氧化物（M3O4或M2O3或其混合物）的金属M可以包含Fe，Cr和构成元素的ζ。钢ζ可以选自低铬钢，铁素体不锈钢，马氏体不锈钢，奥氏体不锈钢，双相不锈钢和沉淀硬化合金。

50. 发明申请

US20100290978A1 Pyrolysis Reactor Materials and Methods 有权
标题翻译：热解反应堆材料与方法
公开(公告)号：US20100290978A1
公开(公告)日：2010-11-18
申请号：US12467832
申请日：2009-05-18
申请人： ChangMin Chun , Frank Hershkowitz
发明人： ChangMin Chun , Frank Hershkowitz
IPC分类号： C04B35/49 , B01J8/00 , C01B31/02
CPC分类号： B01J4/002 , B01J8/0438 , B01J8/0442 , B01J8/0492 , B01J19/2485 , B01J2208/00132 , B01J2208/00309 , B01J2208/00504 , B01J2208/0084 , B01J2208/00849 , B01J2219/00081 , B01J2219/00117 , B01J2219/00157 , B01J2219/00159 , C04B35/482 , C04B2235/3225 , C04B2235/3246 , C04B2235/5427 , C04B2235/5436 , C04B2235/5445 , C04B2235/5472 , C04B2235/77 , C04B2235/9684
摘要： In one aspect, the invention includes a refractory material for a pyrolysis reactor for pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock, the refractory material comprising an yttria stabilized zirconia, the refractory material comprising at least 21 wt. % yttria based upon the total weight of the refractory material. In another aspect, this invention includes a method for mitigating carbide corrosion while pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock at high temperature using a pyrolysis reactor system comprising the steps of: (a) providing a pyrolysis reactor system comprising stabilized zirconia in a heated region of the reactor, the stabilized zirconia including at least 21 wt. % yttria and having porosity of from 5 vol. % to 28 vol. %; (b) heating the heated region to a temperature of at least 1500° C.; and (c) pyrolyzing a hydrocarbon feedstock within the heated region.
摘要翻译：在一个方面，本发明包括用于热解烃原料的热解反应器的耐火材料，所述耐火材料包含氧化钇稳定的氧化锆，所述耐火材料包含至少21wt。基于耐火材料的总重量的氧化钇。另一方面，本发明包括一种减轻碳化物腐蚀的方法，同时使用热解反应器系统在高温下热解烃原料，包括以下步骤：（a）在反应器的加热区域中提供包含稳定的氧化锆的热解反应器系统，稳定的氧化锆包括至少21wt。％氧化钇，孔隙率为5体积％。％至28体积％; （b）将加热区域加热到至少1500℃的温度; 和（c）在加热区域内热解烃原料。

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