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11. 发明申请

US20120235071A1 POLYIMIDE RESINS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE WEAR APPLICATIONS 审中-公开
标题翻译：用于高温磨损应用的聚酰胺树脂
公开(公告)号：US20120235071A1
公开(公告)日：2012-09-20
申请号：US13504317
申请日：2010-10-27
申请人： Jesus G. Moralez , Susan H. Tilford , Robert Ray Burch , Shekhar Subramoney
发明人： Jesus G. Moralez , Susan H. Tilford , Robert Ray Burch , Shekhar Subramoney
IPC分类号： C08K3/10 , C08K3/38 , E04B1/74 , C09K5/00 , H01B1/12 , C08L79/08 , C08K3/04 , B82Y30/00
CPC分类号： C08G73/1067 , C08G73/1014 , C08K3/04 , C08K7/04
摘要： Polyimide resin compositions that contain an end-capped rigid aromatic polyimide, graphite and carbon filaments are found to exhibit low wear at high temperatures. Such compositions are especially useful in molded articles that are exposed to wear conditions at high temperatures such as aircraft engine parts.
摘要翻译：发现含有封端的刚性芳族聚酰亚胺，石墨和碳丝的聚酰亚胺树脂组合物在高温下表现出低磨损。这种组合物特别适用于在诸如飞机发动机部件的高温下暴露于磨损条件的模制品中。

12. 发明申请

US20110118514A1 Process for the Preparation of 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoro-Propane and at Least One Of 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hexafluoropropane, Hexafluoropropane and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane 失效
标题翻译： 1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷的制备方法和1,1,1,2,3,3-六氟丙烷，六氟丙烷和1,1,1,2,3 ，3,3-七氟丙烷
公开(公告)号：US20110118514A1
公开(公告)日：2011-05-19
申请号：US11988258
申请日：2006-08-04
申请人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao , H. David Rosenfeld , Allen Capron Sievert , Shekhar Subramoney
发明人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao , H. David Rosenfeld , Allen Capron Sievert , Shekhar Subramoney
IPC分类号： C07C17/23 , C07C17/20
CPC分类号： B01J37/26 , B01J23/868 , C07C17/21 , C07C17/23 , C07C19/08 , C07C21/18 , C07C19/10
摘要： A process is disclosed for the manufacture of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane and 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane, hexafluoropropene and/or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane. The process involves (a) reacting HF, Cl2, and at least one halopropene of the formula CX3CCI═CCIX (where each X is independently F or CI) to produce a product comprising CF3CCI2CF3 and CF3CCIFCCIF2; (b) reacting CF3CCI2CF3 and CF3CCIFCCIF2 produced in (a) with hydrogen, optionally in the presence of HF, to produce a product comprising CF3CH2CF3 and at least one of CHF2CHFCF3, CF3CF═CF2 and CF3CFHCF3; and (c) recovering from the product produced in (b), CF3CH2CF3 and at least one of CHF2CHFCF3, CF3CF═CF2 and CF3CFHCF3. In (a), the CF3CCI2CF3 and CF3CCIFCCIF2 are produced in the presence of a chlorofluorination catalyst including (i) a crystalline alpha-chromium oxide where at least 0.05 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by divalent copper, and/or (ii) a chromium-containing composition of (i) which has been treated with a fluorinating agent.
摘要翻译：公开了用于制造1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷和1,1,1,2,3,3-六氟丙烷，六氟丙烯和/或1,1,1,2,3， 3,3-七氟丙烷。该方法包括（a）使HF，Cl 2和至少一种式CX3CCI = CCIX（其中每个X独立地为F或Cl）的卤代丙烯反应，以产生包含CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3和CF 3 CClFCCIF 2的产物; （b）任选地在HF存在下使（a）中产生的CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3和CF 3 CClF CIFF 2与氢反应，以产生包含CF 3 CH 2 CF 3和CHF 2 CHFCF 3，CF 3CF≡CF2和CF 3 CFHCF 3中的至少一种的产物; 和（c）从（b）中产生的产物，CF 3 CH 2 CF 3和CHF 2 CHFCF 3，CF 3CF≡CF2和CF 3 CFHCF 3中的至少一种中回收。在（a）中，CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3和CF 3 CClFCCIF 2在氯氟化催化剂存在下制备，包括（i）α-氧化铬晶格中至少0.05原子％的铬原子被二价铜取代的结晶α-氧化铬，和/或（ⅱ）已经用氟化剂处理的（ⅰ）的含铬组合物。

13. 发明申请

US20110098409A1 COMPOSITIONS AND ARTICLES FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE WEAR USE 审中-公开
标题翻译：用于高温磨损的组合物和文章
公开(公告)号：US20110098409A1
公开(公告)日：2011-04-28
申请号：US12912188
申请日：2010-10-26
申请人： Robert Ray Burch , Jesus G. Moralez , Shekhar Subramoney , Susan H. Tilford
发明人： Robert Ray Burch , Jesus G. Moralez , Shekhar Subramoney , Susan H. Tilford
IPC分类号： C08L79/08
CPC分类号： C08K7/06 , C08K3/01 , C08L79/08
摘要： Disclosed herein are compositions and articles that are useful in environments exposed to heat, wear, and oxidizing agents, which are improved by means of specific kinds of carbon filaments. The compositions and articles comprise high-temperature polymer, high-temperature filler, and a mixture of carbon filament, wherein said mixture of carbon filament comprises multiwall axial carbon filament.
摘要翻译：本文公开了可用于暴露于热，耐磨和氧化剂的环境中的组合物和制品，其通过特定种类的碳丝改进。组合物和制品包括高温聚合物，高温填料和碳丝的混合物，其中所述碳丝的混合物包括多壁轴向碳丝。

14. 发明申请

US20100072430A1 Compositions of carbon nanosheets and process to make the same 审中-公开
标题翻译：碳纳米片的组成和制作相同的工艺
公开(公告)号：US20100072430A1
公开(公告)日：2010-03-25
申请号：US11418903
申请日：2006-05-05
申请人： John S. Gergely , Edwin S. Marston , Shekhar Subramoney , Lu Zhang
发明人： John S. Gergely , Edwin S. Marston , Shekhar Subramoney , Lu Zhang
IPC分类号： H01B1/04 , H01B1/02 , B01J19/12
CPC分类号： B82Y40/00 , B22F9/305 , B22F2999/00 , B82Y25/00 , B82Y30/00 , C01B32/184 , C01B2204/04 , C01B2204/32 , H01F1/0054 , B22F2202/13 , B22F2201/10 , B22F2201/30 , B22F2201/40
摘要： This invention relates to free-flowing compositions of carbon nanosheets and core-shell particles, and to a plasma-torch process for making them.
摘要翻译：本发明涉及碳纳米片和核 - 壳颗粒的自由流动组合物，以及用于制造它们的等离子体焰炬法。

15. 发明申请

US20060142419A1 Cured compositions containing fine magnetic particles and a process for preparing same and their use 审中-公开
标题翻译：包含精细磁性颗粒的固化组合物及其制备方法及其用途
公开(公告)号：US20060142419A1
公开(公告)日：2006-06-29
申请号：US11251259
申请日：2005-10-14
申请人： Jingjing Xu , Charles Molnar , Shekhar Subramoney , Michael Crawford , John Gergely , Lu Zhang , Edwin Marston
发明人： Jingjing Xu , Charles Molnar , Shekhar Subramoney , Michael Crawford , John Gergely , Lu Zhang , Edwin Marston
IPC分类号： C09D11/00 , C09D5/00
CPC分类号： C08F2/44 , C08K3/08 , C08K9/02 , C09D7/67 , C09D7/68 , C09D7/69 , C09D7/70 , C09D11/101 , H01F1/0054 , H01F1/0063
摘要： The present invention is a dispersion composition comprising (1) a curable mixture of monomers, oligomers, or a combination thereof; and (2) superparamagnetic particles dispersed in the mixture of part (1) and a method for preparing such superparamagnetic particles. The composition of the present invention can be useful as a tool for detecting and/or deterring theft, counterfeiting, or the like in commercial transactions.
摘要翻译：本发明是一种分散组合物，其包含（1）单体，低聚物或其组合的可固化混合物; 和（2）分散在部分（1）的混合物中的超顺磁性颗粒和制备这种超顺磁性颗粒的方法。本发明的组合物可用作在商业交易中检测和/或阻止盗窃，假冒等的工具。

16. 发明申请

US20060004235A1 Process for the preparation of 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane 失效
标题翻译：制备1,1,1,2,2-五氟乙烷的方法
公开(公告)号：US20060004235A1
公开(公告)日：2006-01-05
申请号：US10523227
申请日：2003-08-21
申请人： Mario Nappa , Velliyur Nott Rao , H. Rosenfeld , Shekhar Subramoney , Munirpallam Subramanian , Allen Sievert
发明人： Mario Nappa , Velliyur Nott Rao , H. Rosenfeld , Shekhar Subramoney , Munirpallam Subramanian , Allen Sievert
IPC分类号： C07C17/087
CPC分类号： C07C17/206 , B01J23/864 , B01J35/002 , B01J37/0236 , B01J37/03 , B01J37/26 , C07C17/21 , Y02P20/582 , C07C19/08
摘要： A process for the preparation of pentafluoroethane is disclosed which involves contacting a mixture comprising hydrogen fluoride and at least one one starting material selected from haloethanes of the formula CX3191CHX2 and haloethenes of the formula CX2═CX2, where each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F and Cl (provided that no more than four of X are F), with a fluorination catalyst in a reaction zone to produce a product mixture comprising HF, HCl, pentafluoroethane, underfluorinated halogenated hydrocarbon intermediates and less than 0.2 mole percent chloropentafluoroethane based on the total moles of halogenated hydrocarbons in the product mixture. The process is characterized by the fluorination catalyst comprising (i) a crystalline cobalt-substituted alpha-chromium oxide where from about 0.05 atom % to about 6 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by trivalent cobalt (Co3) and/or (ii) a fluorinated crystalline oxide of (i).
摘要翻译：公开了一种制备五氟乙烷的方法，其涉及将包含氟化氢和至少一种选自式CX 3 191 CHX 2 2的卤代乙烷的起始材料和卤代乙烯其中每个X独立地选自F和Cl（条件是X中不大于4个为F），其中X为C 1 -C 6烷基，与反应区中的氟化催化剂反应以产生基于产物混合物中卤代烃总摩尔数的HF，HCl，五氟乙烷，过氟化卤代烃中间体和小于0.2摩尔％氯五氟乙烷的产物混合物。该方法的特征在于氟化催化剂，其包含（i）结晶钴取代的α-氧化铬，其中α-氧化铬晶格中约0.05原子％至约6原子％的铬原子被三价钴（Co （i）的氟化结晶氧化物和/或（ⅱ）（ⅰ）的氟化结晶氧化物。

17. 发明申请

US20050222471A1 Processes for the preparation of 2-chloro-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, hexafluoropropene and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane 失效
标题翻译：制备2-氯-1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷，六氟丙烯和1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷的方法
公开(公告)号：US20050222471A1
公开(公告)日：2005-10-06
申请号：US10523223
申请日：2003-08-21
申请人： Mario Nappa , Velliyur Nott Rao , H. Rosenfeld , Shekhar Subramoney , Munirpallam Subramanian , Allen sievert
发明人： Mario Nappa , Velliyur Nott Rao , H. Rosenfeld , Shekhar Subramoney , Munirpallam Subramanian , Allen sievert
IPC分类号： B01J27/132 , B01J23/26 , B01J23/86 , B01J35/00 , B01J37/02 , B01J37/03 , B01J37/26 , C07B61/00 , C07C17/04 , C07C17/08 , C07C17/087 , C07C17/20 , C07C17/21 , C07C17/23 , C07C17/25 , C07C19/08 , C07C19/10 , C07C21/18
CPC分类号： C07C19/08 , B01J23/26 , B01J23/866 , B01J35/002 , B01J37/0236 , B01J37/03 , B01J37/26 , C07C17/206 , C07C17/21 , C07C17/23 , C07C17/25 , C07C19/10 , C07C21/18
摘要： A process for the preparation of 2-chloro-1,1,1,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane is disclosed which involves (a) contacting a mixture comprising hydrogen fluoride, chlorine, and at least one starting material selected from the group consisting of halopropenes of the formula CX3CCl═CX2 and halopropanes of the formula the CX3CClYCX3, wherein each X is independently F or Cl, and Y is H, Cl or F (provided that the number of X and Y which are F totals no more than six) with a chlorofluorination catalyst in a reaction zone to produce a product mixture comprising CF3CClFCF3, HCl, HF, and underfluorinated halogenated hydrocarbon intermediates. The process is characterized by said chlorofluorination catalyst comprising at least one chromium-containing component selected from (i) a crystalline alpha-chromium oxide where at least 0.05 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by nickel, trivalent cobalt or both nickel and trivalent cobalt, provided that no more than 2 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by nickel and that the total amount of chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice that are replaced by nickel and trivalent cobalt is no more than 6 atom %, and (ii) a fluorinated crystalline oxide of (i). Also disclosed is a process for the manufacture of a mixture of HFC-227ea and hexafluoropropene by reacting a starting mixture comprising CFC-217ba and hydrogen in the vapor phase at an elevated temperature, optionally in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. This process involves preparing the CFC-217ba by the process described above.
摘要翻译：公开了一种制备2-氯-1,1,1,3,3,3-七氟丙烷的方法，其涉及（a）使包含氟化氢，氯和至少一种起始原料的混合物接触，所述起始材料选自式CX 3 CCl-CX 2的卤代丙烯和下式的卤代丙烷CX 3 CClYCX 3 N，其中每个X独立地为F或Cl，并且Y为H，Cl或F（条件是X和Y的总数不超过6的F数）与反应区中的氯氟化催化剂反应生成包含CF的产物混合物 3 CClFCF 3，HCl，HF和过氟化卤代烃中间体。该方法的特征在于所述氯氟化催化剂包含至少一种含铬组分，其选自（i）α-氧化铬晶格中至少0.05原子％的铬原子被镍取代的结晶α-氧化铬，三价钴或镍和三价钴，条件是α-铬氧化物晶格中不超过2原子％的铬原子被镍代替，并且α-氧化铬晶格中的铬原子的总量被镍和三价钴不超过6原子％，和（ii）（i）的氟化结晶氧化物。还公开了通过在升高的温度下，任选地在氢化催化剂存在下，使包含CFC-217ba和氢的起始混合物在气相中反应制备HFC-227ea和六氟丙烯的混合物的方法。该方法包括通过上述方法制备CFC-217ba。

18. 发明授权

US08053611B2 Process or the preparation of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-propane and at least one of 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane, hexafluoropropane and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane 失效
标题翻译： 1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷和1,1,1,2,3,3-六氟丙烷，六氟丙烷和1,1,1,2,3中的至少一种的方法或制备，3,3-七氟丙烷
公开(公告)号：US08053611B2
公开(公告)日：2011-11-08
申请号：US11988258
申请日：2006-08-04
申请人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao , H. David Rosenfeld , Allen Capron Sievert , Shekhar Subramoney
发明人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao , H. David Rosenfeld , Allen Capron Sievert , Shekhar Subramoney
IPC分类号： C07C17/00
CPC分类号： B01J37/26 , B01J23/868 , C07C17/21 , C07C17/23 , C07C19/08 , C07C21/18 , C07C19/10
摘要： A process is disclosed for the manufacture of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane and 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane, hexafluoropropene and/or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane. The process involves (a) reacting HF, Cl2, and at least one halopropene of the formula CX3CCl═CClX (where each X is independently F or Cl) to produce a product comprising CF3CCl2CF3 and CF3CClFCClF2; (b) reacting CF3CCl2CF3 and CF3CClFCClF2 produced in (a) with hydrogen, optionally in the presence of HF, to produce a product comprising CF3CH2CF3 and at least one of CHF2CHFCF3, CF3CF═CF2 and CF3CFHCF3; and (c) recovering from the product produced in (b), CF3CH2CF3 and at least one of CHF2CHFCF3, CF3CF═CF2 and CF3CFHCF3. In (a), the CF3CCl2CF3 and CF3CClFCClF2 are produced in the presence of a chlorofluorination catalyst including (i) a crystalline alpha-chromium oxide where at least 0.05 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by divalent copper, and/or (ii) a chromium-containing composition of (i) which has been treated with a fluorinating agent.
摘要翻译：公开了用于制造1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷和1,1,1,2,3,3-六氟丙烷，六氟丙烯和/或1,1,1,2,3， 3,3-七氟丙烷。该方法包括（a）使HF，Cl 2和至少一种式CX3CCl = CClX（其中每个X独立地为F或Cl）的卤代丙烯反应以产生包含CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3和CF 3 CClFCClF 2的产物; （b）使（a）中制备的CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3和CF 3 CClFCClF与任选在HF存在下的氢反应，生成包含CF 3 CH 2 CF 3和CHF 2 CHFCF 3，CF 3CF≡CF2和CF 3 CFHCF 3中的至少一种的产物; 和（c）从（b）中产生的产物，CF 3 CH 2 CF 3和CHF 2 CHFCF 3，CF 3CF≡CF2和CF 3 CFHCF 3中的至少一种中回收。在（a）中，CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3和CF 3 CClFCClF 2在氯氟化催化剂的存在下制备，包括（i）结晶α-氧化铬，其中至少0.05原子％的α-氧化铬晶格中的铬原子被二价铜，和/或（ⅱ）已经用氟化剂处理的（ⅰ）的含铬组合物。

19. 发明申请

US20110105808A1 Process for the Preparation of 1,1,3,3,3-Pentafluoropropene and 1,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoropropene 失效
标题翻译：制备1,1,3,3,3-五氟丙烯和1,2,3,3,3-五氟丙烯的方法
公开(公告)号：US20110105808A1
公开(公告)日：2011-05-05
申请号：US11988257
申请日：2006-08-04
申请人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao , H. David Rosenfeld , Allen Capron Sievert , Shekhar Subramoney
发明人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao , H. David Rosenfeld , Allen Capron Sievert , Shekhar Subramoney
IPC分类号： C07C17/08
CPC分类号： B01J37/03 , B01J23/868 , B01J37/0009 , B01J37/26 , C07C17/21 , C07C17/23 , C07C17/25 , C07C21/18 , C07C19/10 , C07C19/08
摘要： A process for the manufacture of CF3CH═CF2 and CF3CF═CHF is disclosed. The process involves (a) reacting HF and chlorine and at least one halopropene of the formula CX3CCl═CClX (where each X is independently F or Cl) to produce a product including both CF3CCl2CF3 and CF3CCIFCClF2; (b) reacting CF3CCl2CF3 and CF3CCIFCClF2 produced in (a) with hydrogen to produce a product including both CF3CH2CF3 and CF3CHFCHF2; (c) dehydrofluorinating CF3CH2CF3 and CF3CHFCHF2 produced in (b) to produce a product including both CF3CH═CF2 and CF3CF═CHF; and (d) recovering CF3CH═CF2 and CF3CF═CHF from the product produced in (c). In (a), both CF3CCl2CF3 and CF3CCIFCClF2 are produced in the presence of a chlorofluorination catalyst consisting of (i) compositions comprising a crystalline alpha-chromium oxide where at least 0.05 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by copper, and (H) compositions of (i) which have been treated with a fluorinating agent.
摘要翻译：公开了制备CF 3 CH 2 CF 2和CF 3 CF = CHF的方法。该方法包括（a）使HF和氯与至少一种式CX3CCl = CClX（其中每个X独立地为F或Cl）的卤代丙烯反应以产生包含CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3和CF 3 CClFFCClF 2的产物; （b）使（a）中制备的CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3和CF 3 CClFFCClF与氢反应以产生包含CF 3 CH 2 CF 3和CF 3 CHFCHF 2的产物; （c）在（b）中制备的CF 3 CH 2 CF 3和CF 3 CHFCHF 2脱氟化氟化产生包括CF 3 CH 2 CF 2和CF 3 CF = CHF的产物; 和（d）从（c）中制备的产物中回收CF 3CH≡CF2和CF 3 CF = CHF。在（a）中，CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3和CF 3 CClFFCClF 2是在氯氟化催化剂存在下制备的，所述氯氟化催化剂由（i）包含α-氧化铬晶格中至少0.05原子％的铬原子的结晶α-氧化铬的组合物组成通过铜和（H）组合物（i）已用氟化剂处理。

20. 发明申请

US20100152503A1 Copper-Substituted Chromium Oxide Compositions, Their Preparation, and Their Use as Catalysts and Catalyst Precursors 审中-公开
公开(公告)号：US20100152503A1
公开(公告)日：2010-06-17
申请号：US11988256
申请日：2006-08-04
申请人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao , H. David Rosenfeld , Allen Sievert , Shekhar Subramoney
发明人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao , H. David Rosenfeld , Allen Sievert , Shekhar Subramoney
IPC分类号： C07C17/358 , C07C17/00 , C07C17/37 , C01G37/02 , B01J23/26
CPC分类号： B01J23/868 , B01J37/0009 , B01J37/0236 , B01J37/03 , B01J37/26 , C07C17/206 , C07C17/21 , C07C17/25 , C07C17/358 , C07C17/37 , C07C21/18 , C07C19/10
摘要： A crystalline alpha-chromium oxide where from about 0.05 atom % to about 5 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by divalent copper (Cu+2) atoms is disclosed. Also disclosed is a chromium-containing catalyst composition comprising as a chromium-containing component the crystalline copper-substituted alpha-chromium oxide; and methods for preparing a composition comprising the crystalline copper-substituted alpha-chromium oxide. One method involves (a) co-precipitating a solid by adding ammonium hydroxide to an aqueous solution of a soluble copper salt and a soluble trivalent chromium salt that contains at least three moles of nitrate per mole of chromium in the solution and has a copper concentration of from about 0.05 atom % to about 5 atom % of the total concentration of copper and chromium in the solution; and after at least three moles of ammonium per mole of chromium in the solution has been added to the solution, (b) collecting the co-precipitated solid formed in (a); (c) drying the collected solid; and (d) calcining the dried solid. Another method involves (a) preparing an aqueous solution of a soluble copper salt and a soluble trivalent chromium salt that contains a copper concentration of from about 0.05 atom % to about 5 atom % of the total concentration of copper and chromium in the solution, (b) evaporating the solution to dryness, and (c) calcining the dried solid. Also disclosed is a chromium-containing catalyst composition comprising a chromium-containing component prepared by treating the crystalline copper-substituted alpha-chromium oxide with a fluorinating agent; and a process for changing the fluorine distribution (i.e., content and/or arrangement) in a hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst. The process involves using as the catalyst a composition comprising the crystalline copper-substituted alpha-chromium oxide and/or the treated copper-substituted alpha-chromium oxide.

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