This invention provides compounds represented by the formula: (A-X---) n wherein each A- is independently a carbohydrate represented by the general structure: wherein each of B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, and J independently represents a sugar moiety, a sugar moiety having a protecting group attached thereto, a hydrogen, or an oxygen protecting group, provided that no more than two of B, C, D, and E is simultaneously a sugar moiety or a sugar moiety having a protecting group attached thereto and that no more than one of F, G, H, and I is simultaneously a sugar moiety or a sugar moiety having a protecting group attached thereto and wherein represents a covalent bond between the carbohydrate and the peptide; wherein each R 1 independently represents a hydrogen or an oxygen protecting group; wherein each R 2A and each R 2B is independently a hydrogen or a nitrogen protecting group; wherein X is a peptide; wherein --- represents a disulfide bond; and wherein n represents an integer = 2.