A mixture of compounds with high molecular weights is revealed, which presents neuroprotective effects, by inhibiting neurological deficit, which leads to an improvement in clinical symptoms, a significant reduction in neuronal death and therefore mortality. In addition, it has antioxidant effects that contribute to supporting its neuroprotective efficacy. Compositions for oral dosage, with said mixture of compounds as an active ingredient, are also disclosed, which can be used as nutritional or pharmaceutical compositions for the management of medical conditions related to the central nervous system, particularly neurodegenerative diseases that involve neuronal deterioration and death. The substances that make up this new active ingredient are fatty acids between 26 and 36 carbon atoms in the form of alkaline or alkaline earth salts, fatty alcohols between 24 and 34 carbon atoms and high molecular weight aldehydes, extracted and purified from sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) wax. The combination of these three groups of high molecular weight substances, in the specific proportion revealed by the present invention, allows a synergistic effect to occur, which guarantees the desired pharmacological effect.