The utility model discloses a transparent capsule defect detection system and a transparent capsule detection machine. The transparent capsule defect detection system comprises at least one transparent capsule detection unit which comprises a camera and a backlight. Due to the fact that the camera used for shooting middle portion of a transparent capsule is arranged above a transparent capsule conveying device, camera lens of the camera is opposite to the middle portion of a corresponding transparent capsule which is shifted from the transparent capsule conveying device to a position where is below the camera lens of the camera and the backlight providing light for the shooting of the camera is arranged below the transparent capsule conveying device. The transparent capsule detection machine comprises the transparent capsule conveying device and the transparent capsule defect detection system. The transparent capsule defect detection system and the transparent capsule detection machine can be flexibly designed according to detection needs, so that precise detection of corresponding defects of the transparent capsule is achieved, the whole detection process is automatically completed, labors and time are saved, detection efficiency is high, and detection effects are good.