The invention discloses a single-sensor rapid scanning calorimeter based on laser heating. The calorimeter comprises an FSC sample chamber, a chip sensor positioned in the FSC sample chamber and usedfor bearing a sample, a laser heater used for heating the sample, an infrared camera used for shooting a sample image, a communication terminal and a control electronic element, wherein the center ofthe FSC sample chamber is provided with a perspective window serving as an optical path channel, and the laser heater and the infrared camera are both located at the top of the perspective window; theinfrared camera is connected with the communication terminal; and one end of the control electronic element is connected with the communication terminal, and the other end of the control electronic element is connected with the laser heater and the chip sensor. According to the rapid scanning calorimeter, the laser heater is used for the first time to perform completely controllable rapid heatingon the sample, and the infrared camera is used for assisting in laser aiming, so that heating of areas around the sample is avoided; and compared with traditional sensor internal heating, most directenergy input can be provided, thermal hysteresis between a sensor heater and the sample is avoided, the higher temperature control response rate is achieved, and faster heating and cooling scanning can be achieved.