The invention provides a highway ice melting and snow melting system based on mobile energy storage devices. The highway ice melting and snow melting system based on the mobile energy storage devicescomprises a road control system, local power supply boxes, temperature detectors electrically connected with the local power supply boxes and the mobile energy storage devices; each mobile energy storage device comprises a control module, an energy storage module, a bidirectional converter and a contact terminal; the control modules are in communication connection with the road control system andare used for controlling the mobile energy storage devices to move according to information of the road control system and adjusting the output electric quantity of the mobile energy storage devices according to the road surface temperature; the energy storage modules are electrically connected with the bidirectional converters and used for storing electric energy; the bidirectional converters areelectrically connected with the contact terminals and used for controlling electric energy receiving and electric energy releasing; the contact terminals are used for being electrically connected with the power supply boxes; and the mobile energy storage devices are used for outputting electric energy in the energy storage modules to the local power supply boxes through the contact terminals andenabling resistance wires to be heated through the local power supply boxes to melt ice and snow. The highway ice melting and snow melting system based on the mobile energy storage devices has the beneficial effects that environmental protection is achieved, no noise is generated, the cost is reduced, and quick response is achieved.