The invention discloses a coal pillar deformation and destruction test method under a moisture longitudinal non-uniform distribution condition. The coal pillar deformation and destruction test methodcomprises the steps of (1) acquiring a coal sample; (2) dividing a coal pillar into five groups, and processing each group of coal pillar by an immersion device at different immersion heights; (3) measuring coal pillar mass each two hours in the immersion period; (4) pasting strain flowers at an upper position, an intermediate position and a lower position of the coal pillar; (5) fixing four soundemission probes on each coal pillar by an adhesive tape, and performing uniaxial compression test; (6) monitoring and recording strain and a sound emission parameter during the coal pillar compression destruction process; (7) measuring coal constituent and pore structure at an upper layer, an intermediate layer and a lower layer of the coal pillar; and (8) analyzing microstructure change and macromechanics destruction characteristic of coal at different immersion heights. By the deformation and destruction research method, the deformation and destruction characteristic of the coal pillar under conditions of different immersion heights is disclosed, and a scientific basis is provided for design of the coal pillar arranged at different goaf ponding heights.