The invention discloses an intelligent protection device for a rock drilling machine and a use method of the intelligent protection device. The intelligent protection device includes an electric control box, a first bracket, a second bracket and a protection mechanism. The first bracket and the second bracket are parallel to each other. The electric control box is installed at one ends of the first bracket and the second bracket. The first bracket and the second bracket are of the same structure. The first bracket includes a bracket body, sleeve rails, servo motors and linear slide rails. Thelinear slide rails are arranged on both sides of the bracket body, and the sleeve rails are slidably connected to the linear slide rails. The servo motors are installed on one sides of the sleeve rails, the protection mechanism is connected between the sleeve rails of the first bracket and sleeve rails of the second bracket, a camera is installed at one end of the first bracket, clamping slots areformed in one end of the first bracket, and a baffle is connected to the clamping slots in a clamping and inserting mode. The side deviation of a drill bit of the rock drilling machine is detected bythe camera, then a chain in the protection mechanism tightens and pulls the drill bit, and the drill bit is buffered by decelerating.