The invention discloses a rapid water resource pollution positioning system and method based on an IOT, and relates to the technical field of water environment positioning. The rapid water resource pollution positioning system based on the IOT comprises a lower computer and an upper computer; the lower computer comprises a main node, three reference nodes and multiple nodes to be detected; the upper computer comprises a PC; application management software is installed in the PC; after receiving and processing data sent by the nodes to be detected and the reference nodes, the main node sends the data to the upper computer; and the upper computer performs data display through the application management software. By means of the rapid water resource pollution positioning system and method based on the IOT in the invention, precise positioning of water source position is realized; the water source supervisory process is simplified; the supervisory efficiency of a supervisory department onthe water source environment is improved; the supervisory department easily stops emission of sewage of a sewage source in time; and further diffusion on environmental pollution can be reduced.