The invention provides a control device for a bottom door or a top cover of a railway wagon. The control device comprises at least one electric energy transmitting circuit, an electric energy receiving circuit and a risk control device. Each electric energy transmission circuit is arranged on a track. The input end of each electric energy transmission circuit is electrically connected to a power supply. The output end of each electric energy transmission circuit is used for output electric energy. The electric energy receiving circuit is positioned on the bottom portion of a wagon body. The output end of each electric energy transmission circuit is connected with the input end of the electric energy receiving circuit in a wireless mode. The risk control device is arranged on the wagon body, and comprises an electromagnetic valve. A control end of the electromagnetic valve is electrically connected with the output end of the electric energy receiving circuit. A flow direction of compressed air in the risk control device is controlled by the electromagnetic valve according to an electrical signal output from the output end of the electric energy receiving circuit to make the risk control device control opening and closing of the bottom door or the top cover. The control device cannot be affected by snow, fog, ice and other harsh environment, the electric energy is transmitted accurately and reliably in real time, and accomplishment of the opening and closing of the bottom door or the top cover of the railway wagon in running can be achieved accurately.